FIGURE 1.

Multi‐omics cannot reliably identify true‐positive novel genes. Genes that are not proximal to a GWAS‐significant locus but are identified by multi‐omics methods in the smaller GWAS are not likely to contain a GWAS‐significant locus in the larger GWAS. (A) The positive predictive value and sensitivity for each method, and for all methods combined (Any). (B) Performance for increasing agreement between multi‐omics methods. (C) Performance of machine‐learning (ML) in the larger GWAS (ML was trained in the smaller GWAS). Points represent the estimates, while horizonal bars reflect the 95% CI. AUD/PAU = Alcohol use disorder/Problematic alcohol use; MDD/DEP = Major depressive disorder/Depression; SCZ = Schizophrenia; ICV/BV = Intracranial volume/Brain volume.