Table 1.
Diabetes distress scores and characteristics of adults (age ≥18 years) with type 1 diabetes completing the PAID-20 scale (N = 10,186)
| Variable | n * | Results† |
|---|---|---|
| PAID-20 | ||
| Score (0–100) | 10,186 | |
| Mean | 25.4 ± 18.4 | |
| Median | 22.5 (0–100) | |
| Score level | 10,186 | |
| 0–16 (low) | 3,970 (39.0) | |
| 17–39 (moderate) | 4,002 (39.3) | |
| ≥40 (high) | 2,214 (21.7) | |
| Demographics | ||
| Sex | 10,186 | |
| Male | 5,502 (54.0) | |
| Female | 4,684 (46.0) | |
| Age, years | 10,186 | 46.7 ± 15.3 |
| European origin | 9,491 | 9,258 (97.5) |
| Educational level | 10,023 | |
| Primary school | 732 (7.3) | |
| Secondary school | 4,637 (46.3) | |
| University/college | 4,654 (46.4) | |
| Working/studying | 9,950 | 7,286 (73.2) |
| Living alone | 10,025 | 1,949 (19.4) |
| Clinical processes | ||
| Diabetes duration, years | 10,175 | 22.9 ± 14.4 |
| CSII | 10,005 | 3,558 (35.6) |
| CGM use | 9,950 | 6,938 (69.7) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 7,847 | 27.1 ± 5.0 |
| Daily smoking | 9,644 | 1,030 (10.7) |
| Clinical outcomes | ||
| HbA1c, % | 10,055 | 7.6 ± 1.2 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 10,055 | 59 ± 12.7 |
| Acute complications | ||
| Symptomatic hypoglycemic events in previous month | 8,609 | 7.9 ± 9.6 |
| History of severe hypoglycemia | 8,749 | 4,041 (46.2) |
| History of DKA | 8,454 | 1,857 (22.0) |
| Long-term complications | ||
| Treated retinopathy | 8,839 | 1,299 (14.7) |
| Reduced foot sensitivity | 8,116 | 885 (10.9) |
| eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 9,382 | 419 (4.5) |
| Urine ACR ≥3 mg/mmol | 8,043 | 1,034 (12.9) |
| Stroke | 8,747 | 187 (2.1) |
| Coronary heart disease | 8,726 | 588 (6.7) |
| Two or more complications | 9,220 | 822 (8.9) |
ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; CSII, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion; DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.
*
n of participants with available data for the variables.
†
Data are mean ± SD, median (min–max), or n (%).