Table 3.
A complete list of plants used by Saudis in Makkah and the surrounding villages, including scientific name, family, Flora of Saudi Arabia, vernacular name, therapeutic parts, frequency of citation, preparation, and administration.
| No. | scientific name | F | V | Part used | Therapeutic Use | Frequency of citation |
Preparation | Administration | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | F | ||||||||
| Acacia ampliceps Maslin | Y | الطلح altalh | Leaves | Stop The Bleeding | 1 | 0 | decoction | Oral ingestion | |
| Acacia Senegal (L.) Willd. | N | الصمغ العربي alsamgh alarabi | Resin | For Kidneys And Salts, Arthritis, Indigestion, Back Treatment, Gingivitis | 2 | 4 | Crushed, chewing, added to water or milk, | Oral ingestion (drink, food), gargling | |
| Acacia sp. | Y | القرظ alqrd | Leaves | Body Protection | 1 | 0 | fumigation | inhalation | |
| Aerva javanica Juss. | Y | الطرف altarf | Flowers, Leaves | Diabetic - Diuretic | 1 | 1 | decoction | Oral ingestion | |
| Alkanna tinctoria Tausch | Y | الخوا جوا alkoagoa | leaves | Precipitated Blood -Uterin Air | 0 | 2 | crushed | fumigation | |
| Allium cepa L. | N | البصل albasal | Fruit | For Burns, Sniffles | 2 | 0 | decoction, Fresh | on wound, Oral ingestion | |
| Allium sativum L. | N | ثوم althom | Fruit, seeds | Disease Relief, Nerves, Uterus, Bones, Brain, Blood Pressure | 5 | 2 | By heating like tea, crushed, add to juice, chewing | Oral ingestion (drink, food) | |
| Aloe brevifolia Mill. | Y | الصبرة alsbrh | Resin | Paranasal Sinuses | 0 | 1 | crushed | Oral ingestion | |
| Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. | N | صبار sabar | Leaf, bark | Hair Strengthening, Arthritis, For The Skin | 0 | 1 | Fresh | Rub in | |
| Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. | N | بذور الخلة bthor alklh | seeds | Bladder Stones | 0 | 1 | By heating like tea | Oral ingestion (drink) | |
| Anastatica hierochuntica L. | Y | كف مريم kaf maryam | Seed, leaf | Expedite Childbirth | 0 | 1 | By heating like tea | Oral ingestion (drink) | |
| Anethum graveolens L. | N | الشبث althbth | leaves | Respiratory System – Digestive | 1 | 0 | By heating like tea | Oral ingestion | |
| anisosciadium lanatum Boiss. | Y | البسباس البري albsbas albri | Fruits | Digestive | 1 | 0 | By heating like tea | Oral ingestion | |
| Artemisia Judaica L. | Y | الشيح alsheh | Shins, Leaves | Acidity, Ulcers | 1 | 0 | By heating like tea | Oral ingestion | |
| Astragalus sarcocolla Dymock | Y | العنزوت alanzrot | Resin | Digestive | 1 | 2 | decoction | Oral ingestion | |
| Aucklandia costus Falc. | N | القسط الهندي alqesd alheendi | Roots, Stem | Respiratory, Delayed Pregnancy, Stomach Pain | 3 | 3 | Powder, By heating like tea | Oral ingestion (drink, food) | |
| Beta vulgaris L. | Y | البنجر albanjr | Roots | Anemia | 0 | 1 | juice | Oral ingestion (drink) | |
| Boswellia sacra Flück. | N | لبان الذكر lban althakr | Resin | Respiratory, Digestive | 0 | 3 | Decoction, infusion, powder, | Oral ingestion (drink, food) | |
| Cactaceae | N | الصبار alsabar | Resin | Hair Loss | 1 | 3 | Infusion | Rub in | |
| Calligonum comosum L'Hér. | الارطا alarta | shins | Feminine Lotion | 0 | 1 | solution | Feminine lotion | ||
| Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand. | N | العشر alashr | Resin, Leaves | Alopecia, Warts | 1 | 1 | Milky substance sweeps in alopecia | Sweep, rub in | |
| Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze | N | الشاي الاخضر alshaay alakhdar | Leaves | Digestive | 0 | 3 | By heating like tea | Oral ingestion (drink) | |
| Capparis spinosa L. | Y | الشفلح alshflh | Leaves | Teeth, Back Problems | 0 | 1 | crushed | On wound | |
| Carthamus tinctorius L. | العصفر alasfor | Flowers, Leaves | Respiratory, Endocrine, Treat Depression, Neurological | 2 | 2 | By heating like tea | Oral ingestion (drink) | ||
| Carum carvii (Archila) J.M.H.Shaw. | Y | الكراوية alkarawia | seeds | Digestive, Menstrual Pain Relief | 5 | 0 | By heating like tea and put it with milk and honey | Oral ingestion | |
| Chenopodiastrum murale (L.) S.Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch. | N | العفينة alafenh | leaves | Teeth Pain In Babes | 0 | 1 | crushed | Put it in baby head | |
| Cinnamomum tamala T.Nees | ورق الغار warq alqar | Leaves | Respiratory, Digestive | 0 | 1 | With food | Oral ingestion (drink, food) | ||
| Cinnamomum verum J.Presl | N | القرفة alqurfa | All plant, bark, wood | Blood Sugar, Flatulence, Diarrhea, Facilitate Childbirth, Menstrual Pain | 9 | 5 | By heating like tea, crushed | Oral ingestion (drink, food) | |
| Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. | Y | الحدج alhdg | Fruits | Hemorrhoids | 2 | 0 | crushed | Rub in | |
| Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck. | N | الليمون allaymun | Leaves, Fruit | Respiratory, Stomach Pain, Ear And Throat, Hyperthermia, Cholesterol Lowering | 12 | 12 | Infusion, decoction, with honey and food, juice, powder, raw. | Oral ingestion (drink, food) | |
| Citrus-sinensis (L.) Osbeck. | N | البرتقال albortqal | Fruits | Immunity Booster, Sniffles | 5 | 2 | Fresh, juice | Oral ingestion | |
| Cocos nucifera | N | جوز الهند juz alhind | Leaf | Chronic Cough | 0 | 1 | By heating like tea, crushed, fresh, chewing | Mouth wash, Rub in | |
| Coffea arabica L. | البن alben | Seeds,peel | Wounds, Digestive | 1 | 2 | Decoction, powder | Oral ingestion, on wound | ||
| Coleus forskohlii Briq. | Y | الشار alshar | Leaves-resin | Ear Pain | 1 | 0 | Squeeze | Put in ear | |
| Commiphora gileadensis (L.) C.Chr. | Y | البشام albasham | Resin | For Burns - Wounds | 1 | 0 | Fresh | Rub in | |
| Commiphora myrrha Engl. | Y | المر almor | Resin, leaves | Hemorrhoids, Respiratory, Phlegm And Congestion, Wounds | 3 | 2 | Decoction, infusion, powder, | rub in, put it on wound, wash. | |
| Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché. | N | بذر القرع bthor alqra | Seeds | Prostate Enlargement | 1 | 0 | By heating like tea | Oral ingestion | |
| Cuminum cyminum L. | Y | الكمون alkamo uwn |
Seeds, All plant | Digestive, Fungi, Flatulence | 3 | 6 | By heating like tea, crushed, solution | Oral ingestion (drink, food) | |
| Curcuma longa L. | N | الكركم alkarkum | Rhizome, All plant, fruit | Respiratory, Skeletal, Muscular Pain, For The Skin, Digestive | 8 | 13 | Decoction, infusion, powder, | Oral ingestion (drink), on wound, mouth wash | |
| Cydonia oblonga Mill. | Y | السفرجل alsfarqal | fruit | Digestive -Cholesterol -Anti-Inflammation | 0 | 1 | fresh | Oral ingestion | |
| Cymbopogon schoenanthus Spreng. | الاذخر aladhkhir | shins | Respiratory, Headache, Blood Pressure-Reduce Sugar Cholesterol-Anxiety-Stress | 2 | 5 | By heating like tea, fumigation | Oral ingestion (drink), inhalation | ||
| Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton | N | الهيل alhel | Seeds | Cold, Stomach | 0 | 1 | By heating like tea | Oral ingestion | |
| Ferula assa-foetida L. | الحلتيت alhaltet | Seeds, Resin | Respiratory System - Digestive | 3 | 0 | Powder, By heating like tea | Oral ingestion (drink) | ||
| Ficus carica L. | Y | التين alteen | Fruits | Hemorrhoid Treatment, Blood Pressure | 1 | 1 | Juice, fresh | Oral ingestion | |
| Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | Y | الشمر alshamer | Seeds, whole plant | Digestive, Cough, Flatulence, Colic | 12 | 23 | By heating like tea | Oral ingestion (drink) | |
| Geum urbanum L. | Y | عشبة المدينة ashbat almadenh | Shins, Leaves | Expulsion Of Toxins | 0 | 2 | decoction | Oral ingestion | |
| Glycyrrhiza glabra L. | Y | عرق السوس arq asws | roots | Respiratory System-Skin-Stomach Sedative-Arthritis | 3 | 1 | Placed in a cloth Soaked in water | Oral ingestion (drink) | |
| Haloxylon salicornicum (Moq.) Bunge ex Boiss. | Y | الرمث alremth | Leaves | Joints, Bones | 3 | 0 | crushed | Rub in | |
| Hibiscus sabdariffa L. | N | الكركديه alkarkadih | Flowers, Leaves | To Lower Blood Pressure, For Healthy Hair, Sore Throat, Gastroenteritis | 6 | 3 | By heating like tea, Infusion, decoction, juice | Oral ingestion (drink), rub in | |
| Hordeum vulgare L. | N | الشعير alshair | Seeds | Kidney Pain, Diuretic, Expulsion Of Toxins | 2 | 1 | By heating like tea | Oral ingestion | |
| Lawsonia inermis L. | Y | الحناء alhena | Leaves | For Hair Grow, Headaches | 0 | 2 | powder | Wash, rub in | |
| Lens culinaris Medik. | العدس aladas | Seeds | Muscular Pain | 1 | 0 | powder | on wound | ||
| Lepidium sativum L. | Y | الرشاد alrashad | Seeds | For Bruising, Hair Loss, For Bones, Diarrhea, Digestive | 3 | 10 | Powder, By heating like tea, soak with water, crushed | on wound, Oral ingestion (drink) | |
| Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne. | Y | المرخ almarkh | Shins | Cough, Worms | 1 | 1 | decoction | Oral ingestion | |
| Linum usitatissimum L. | N | بذرة الكتان bthrat alkatan | seeds | Immunity Booster, Nerves, Uterus, Bones, Brain | 1 | 1 | Crushed, Fresh | On wound, Oral ingestion | |
| Malus domestica (Suckow) Borkh. | N | التفاح altofah | Peel | Immunity Booster | 0 | 1 | Fresh | Oral ingestion | |
| Matricaria aurea (Loefl.) Boiss. | Y | البابونج albabong | Flowers, Fruit, Leaves | Respiratory, Neurological, Digestive, Menstrual Pain, Anemia, Rheumatism Treatment | 19 | 20 | decoction | Oral ingestion (drink) | |
| Mentha spicata L. | Y | النعناع alneana | Leaves, flower | Ear And Throat, Respiratory, Stomach Pain | 10 | 24 | By heating like tea | Oral ingestion (drink) | |
| Moringa oleifera Lam. | Y | المورينجا almorenga | Leaves | To Lower The Sugar Level | 2 | 1 | By heating like tea | Oral ingestion (drink) | |
| Nasturtium officinaleR.Br. | Y | الجرجير algarger | leaves | Flu | 1 | 0 | fresh | Oral ingestion | |
| Nigella sativa L. | N | الحبه السوداء alhaba alsoda | Seeds | Congestion, Digestive, Expectorant, Immunity Booster, Kidney Disease-Breast | 7 | 10 | With honey and food, juice, powder, infusion, decoction, raw. | Oral ingestion (drink, food), fumigation, chewing. | |
| Olea europaea L. | Y | الزيتون alzeeton | Leaf, Seed, fruit | For Diabetics, Man's Cartilage, Roughness, Skin-Heart Health -Cholesterol-Digestive | 5 | 5 | By heating like tea, fresh, Infusion | Oral ingestion (drink),rub in | |
| Origanum majorana L. | Y | البردقوش albrdaqwsh | Leaves, Seed | Endocrine, Neurological, Digestive, Respiratory | 1 | 3 | decoction | Oral ingestion (drink) | |
| Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss | N | البقدونس albaqdunis | Leaves, whole plant | Gallstones, Stomach Pain, Urinary Tract | 7 | 11 | By heating like tea, fresh | Oral ingestion | |
| Pimpinella anisum L. | N | اليانسون alyansun | Seeds, whole plant | Ear And Throat, Digestive, Respiratory, Neurological | 17 | 40 | By heating like tea | Oral ingestion (drink) | |
| Piper nigrum L. | Y | فلفل ابيض felfl abid | Seeds | Improve Blood Circulation | 1 | 0 | Crushed | Oral ingestion | |
| plantago ovate L. | N | الاسبقول aliasbiqul | Leaves | Stomach | 1 | 0 | By heating like tea | Oral ingestion | |
| Prunus dulcis D.A.Webb. | Y | لوز lwz | Seeds | Immunity Booster | 1 | 0 | Fresh | Oral ingestion | |
| Prunus mahaleb L. | N | المحلب almhalab | seeds | Poor Hair, Headaches | 0 | 2 | powder | Rub in | |
| Psidium guajava L. | N | الجوافة aljwafa | Leaves | Respiratory, Diarrhea, Childbearing | 6 | 14 | By heating like tea | Oral ingestion (drink) | |
| Punica granatum L. | N | الرمان alroman | Peel, Fruit | Gastritis, Skin Diseases, Stomach Pain, For Hair | 2 | 7 | By heating like tea, crushed, chaff, juice | Oral ingestion (drink), rubbed on the head | |
| Rhanterium epapposum Oliv. | Y | العرفج alarfag | Fruits, Shins |
Asthma, Joints | 0 | 1 | decoction | Oral ingestion | |
| Rhazya stricta Decne. | Y | حرمل harmel | Seed, Leaves, Roots | Toothache, Colic, Stomach Pain, Cough, Skin | 2 | 5 | Crushed, Add to the juice, decoction | Oral ingestion (drink),Rub in | |
| Ricinus communis L. | Y | زيت الخروع zayt alkharue | seeds | Digestive | 1 | 0 | Fresh oil | Oral ingestion | |
| Salvia hispanica L. | N | بذر الشيا budhur alshya | Seeds | Improve Blood Circulation | 1 | 0 | By heating like tea | Oral ingestion | |
| Salvia officinalis L. | N | الميرمية almiramia | Leaf, flowers | Anxiety, Cleans The Womb, Abdominal Pain, Hormonal Problems, Reduce Bleeding | 7 | 6 | By heating like tea, crushed | Oral ingestion | |
| Salvia Rosmarinus Schleid. | N | اكليل الجبل aklil aljabal | Leaves | Digestive, Respiratory, Diuretic, Stimulate Blood Circulation | 1 | 5 | Powder, By heating like tea, inhalation | Oral ingestion | |
| Senna alexandrina Mill. | Y | السنا مكي alsna makiy | Leaves, Whole plant | Digestive, Constipation, Colon Cleaning | 11 | 4 | decoction | Oral ingestion (drink) | |
| Spinacia oleracea L. | N | سبانخ sbankh | Leave | Anemia | 0 | 1 | Fresh | Oral ingestion | |
| Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry. | N | القرنفل alqaranful | Flower buds, Seed | Dental And Periodontal, Digestive, Neurological Nausea, For Hair, Kidney-Organize Shugar In Blood – Gingivitis | 14 | 8 | By heating like tea. Crushed, chaff | Oral ingestion (drink), mouth wash | |
| Tamarindus indica L. | N | التمر الهندي altamr alhindiu | Fruits | Digestive-Reduces Fever | 2 | 0 | By heating like tea, juice | Oral ingestion | |
| Teucrium marum L. | الجعده aljaeduh | Leaves | Stomach Pain | 1 | 0 | By heating like tea | Oral ingestion (drink) | ||
| Teucrium marum L. | Y | الجعدة aljaeduh | Leaves | Tummy Ache | 2 | 0 | By heating like tea | Oral ingestion | |
| Thymus vulgaris L. | N | الزعتر alzaetar | Leaves, oil | Digestive, Respiratory | 5 | 10 | By heating like tea, crushed | Oral ingestion (drink),rub in | |
| Trachyspermum ammi Sprague | N | النانخة alnaanikha | Seeds, fruit | Stomach, Diarrhea, Flatulence Kidney Stones | 3 | 5 | By heating like tea | Oral ingestion | |
| Tribulus terrestris L. | Y | الشرشر alsharshar | Shins, Leaves | Kidney Stone | 1 | 0 | decoction | Oral ingestion | |
| Trigonella foenum-graecum L. | Y | الحلبة alhalba | seed | Cough, Diarrhea, Urinary Tract, Asthma, Obesity, Strengthen The Bones, Stomach Pain, Reduce Period Pain | 5 | 15 | By heating like tea, crushed, chaff | Oral ingestion (drink, food) | |
| Urtica dioica L. | N | القراص alqaras | flowers | Arthritis | 2 | 0 | Crushed, By heating like tea | Oral ingestion | |
| Vigna radiata (L.) R.Wilczek. | Y | الماش almash | Seeds | Strengthen The Bones | 1 | 1 | crushed | Oral ingestion | |
| Zingiber officinale Roscoe | N | الزنجبيل alzanjanil | Roots, Fruit, stalk | Digestive, Ear And Throat, Respiratory | 26 | 19 | Decoction, infusion, juice, powder, with honey, milk and food | Oral ingestion (drink, food) | |
| Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Willd | Y | السدر alsudr | Leaves | For Wounds, Digestive, Respiratory, Skin, Magic And Envy, Headaches | 5 | 5 | decoction, infusion, powder, raw |
Oral ingestion (drink), on wound, wash, rub in | |
| Total Of Plants Citation By Gender | 69 | 64 | |||||||
| Citation Depend On Gender Only | 23 | 21 | |||||||
| Common Citation Men + Women | 45 | ||||||||
F: Flora of KSA, V: Vernacular name, Y:Yes , N: No.