Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| Total | PPCM | Controls | P value | Missing | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 2465 | n = 225 | n = 2240 | |||
| Age (years) | 31.9 ± 6.0 | 31.8 ± 6.0 | 31.9 ± 6.0 | .87 | 0 |
| Deprivation quintile | .012 | 5 | |||
| 1 (most deprived) | 596 (24.2) | 76 (33.9) | 520 (23.3) | ||
| 2 | 449 (18.3) | 37 (16.5) | 412 (18.4) | ||
| 3 | 457 (18.6) | 38 (17.0) | 419 (18.7) | ||
| 4 | 470 (19.1) | 35 (15.6) | 435 (19.5) | ||
| 5 | 488 (19.8) | 38 (17.0) | 450 (20.1) | ||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.5 ± 6.0 | 28.2 ± 7.0 | 26.3 ± 5.8 | <.001 | 852 |
| Body mass index >30 kg/m2 | 369 (22.9) | 68 (34.7) | 301 (21.2) | <.001 | 852 |
| Smoking (current/former) | 796 (33.8) | 91 (41.2) | 705 (33.1) | .016 | 113 |
| Prior hypertension | 217 (8.8) | 38 (16.9) | 179 (8.0) | <.001 | 0 |
| Prior diabetes | 126 (5.1) | 20 (8.9) | 106 (4.7) | .007 | 0 |
| Obstetric factors | |||||
| Gestational diabetes | 51 (2.1) | 7 (3.1) | 44 (2.0) | .25 | 0 |
| Pregnancy-induced hypertension | 259 (10.5) | 77 (34.2) | 182 (8.1) | <.001 | 0 |
| Pre-eclampsia | 94 (3.8) | 44 (19.6) | 50 (2.2) | <.001 | 0 |
| Antepartum haemorrhage | 169 (6.9) | 13 (5.8) | 156 (7.0) | .50 | 0 |
| Postpartum haemorrhage | 696 (28.2) | 81 (36.0) | 615 (27.5) | .007 | 0 |
| Parity >1 | 618 (25.2) | 68 (30.2) | 550 (24.6) | .066 | 8 |
| Parity >2 | 230 (9.4) | 38 (16.9) | 192 (8.6) | <.001 | 8 |
| Parity >3 | 103 (4.2) | 22 (9.8) | 81 (3.6) | <.001 | 8 |
| Multi-gestationa | 59 (2.4) | 18 (8.2) | 41 (1.8) | <.001 | 5 |
| Estimated gestation (weeks)a | 39 (38–40) | 38 (36–40) | 40 (38–40) | <.001 | 9 |
| Estimated gestation <37weeksa | 205 (8.3) | 56 (25.5) | 149 (6.7) | <.001 | 9 |
| Pregnancy outcome | <.001 | 0 | |||
| Live birth | 2448 (99.3) | 216 (96.0) | 2232 (99.6) | ||
| Stillbirth | 12 (0.5) | 4 (1.8) | 8 (0.4) | ||
| Termination | 5 (0.2) | 5 (2.2) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Induction of laboura | 634 (26.1) | 62 (30.5) | 572 (25.7) | .13 | 38 |
| Mode of delivery, baby 1a | <.001 | 5 | |||
| Vaginal | 1654 (67.2) | 99 (45.0) | 1555 (69.4) | ||
| Elective caesarean | 348 (14.1) | 41 (18.6) | 307 (13.7) | ||
| Emergency caesarean | 458 (18.6) | 80 (36.4) | 378 (16.9) | ||
| Clinical features at index presentation | n = 202 | ||||
| Timing of diagnosis | 0 | ||||
| Postpartum | 165 (81.7) | ||||
| Prepartum | 37 (18.3) | ||||
| Heart rate (bpm) | 108 (90–125) | 16 | |||
| Heart rate >90 bpm | 136 (73.1) | 16 | |||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 134 (120–154) | 23 | |||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 85 (73–100) | 25 | |||
| Intravenous diuretic therapy | 132 (70.6) | 15 | |||
| Intensive care | 60 (29.7) | 0 | |||
| Intubation and ventilation | 48 (23.9) | 1 | |||
| Renal replacement therapy | 7 (3.6) | 5 | |||
| Pharmacological haemodynamic support | 29 (14.9) | 7 | |||
| Stroke or thromboembolism | 26 (12.9) | 0 | |||
| LV thrombus | 8 (4.0) | 0 | |||
| Laboratory tests | n = 202 | ||||
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | 114 (101–126) | 11 | |||
| White blood cells (×109/L) | 11.6 (9.1–14.6) | 11 | |||
| Platelets (×109/L) | 283 (205–378) | 12 | |||
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 68 (57–83) | 9 | |||
| Serum albumin (g/L) | 31 (26–35) | 17 | |||
| Electrocardiogram | n = 181 | ||||
| Sinus rhythm | 172 (95.0) | 0 | |||
| QRS duration (ms) | 83 (76–94) | 1 | |||
| Bundle branch block | 26 (14.4) | 1 | |||
| QTc interval (ms) | 451 (425–483) | 4 | |||
| Any electrocardiogram abnormalityb | 138 (77.5) | 3 | |||
| Echocardiogram | n = 202 | ||||
| LV ejection fraction (%), mean | 35 ± 11 | 5 | |||
| LV ejection fraction (%), median | 36 (25–43) | 5 | |||
| LV ejection fraction ≤45% | 155 (78.7) | 5 | |||
| LV end-diastolic diameter (mm) | 57 ± 8 | 28 |
a n = 5 terminations in PPCM group excluded.
bDefined as bundle branch block, QTc interval >470 ms, ventricular ectopy, abnormal R wave progression, or ST-T segment changes.