Figure 3. The underlying pathophysiological process of the type 1 leprosy reaction predominantly achieved by coordinating CD4+ T Cells immunological response.

Activated macrophages induce the secretion of pro-inflammatory T-helper 1 cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-12 (IL-12), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). These molecules activate immune cells, the initiation of inflammatory responses, and the modulation of immunological reactions. The cytokines indicated above have a crucial impact on the promotion of tissue damage.

This figure was created by CB, one of the authors of this article, with Biorender.com.