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. 2023 Dec 21;21:364. doi: 10.1186/s12964-023-01265-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Capsaicin retarding the progression of GC was partially mediated through the functional TRPV1. Representative images (A) and quantitative analysis (B) for the migration of MKN-45 cells in the absence and presence of capsazepine (CPZ) using the transwell migration assay. Visual fields were selected randomly from each sample (scale bars: 250 μm). Representative images (C) and quantitative analysis (D) for the invasion of MKN-45 cells invasion in the absence and presence of CPZ using the 3D-invasion system (n = 3). Representative images (E) and quantitative data (F) for the protein level of TRPV1 in the MKN-45 cells and MKN-45^TRPV1−/− cells (n = 3). GAPDH was used as a loading control. G Representative images of migration of MKN-45 and MKN-45^TRPV1−/− cells using the transwell migration assay. Visual fields were selected randomly from each sample (scale bars: 250 μm). H Representative images of invasion of MKN-45 and MKN-45^TRPV1−/− cells using the 3D-invasion system. I Representative images of fluorescence staining for the actin cytoskeleton in the MKN-45^TRPV1−/− cells after the treatment of 16 μM capsaicin for 24 h (scale bar: 10 μm). The tumor volume (J) and the number of liver metastatic nodules (K) of MKN-45.^TRPV1−/− orthotropic tumors in the normal diet and 100 mg/kg capsaicin diet groups were shown. L Representative images for the liver (upper panel) and H&E staining sections (bottom panel) (scale bars: 1.5 cm for liver images and 50 μm for H&E-stained images)