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. 2023 Dec 20;21:925. doi: 10.1186/s12967-023-04763-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Characterization and intracellular trafficking of CoQ10@TNPs. A Diameter distribution of CoQ10@TNPs. B TEM morphology of CoQ10@TNPs. C Surface potential of CoQ10@TNPs. D The particle size of CoQ10@TNPs in ultrapure water. E The zeta potential of CoQ10@TNPs in ultrapure water. (F) CoQ10 release kinetics of CoQ10@TNPs. G Fluorescence microscopy images showing time-dependent cellular uptake of CoQ10@TNPs in H9c2 cells. H, I FCM analysis of the cellular uptake of CoQ10@TNPs in H9c2 cells after incubation for different periods. J, K Colocalization of mitochondria and CoQ10@TNPs in H9c2 cells. Data are represented as the mean ± SD (n = 3). ns: no significance; ***p < 0.001