Table 1.
Characteristics of study population
| Variables n (%) or mean ± SD |
Alive (n = 242) |
Cardiocirculatory death (n = 1,004) |
Neurological death (n = 1,233) |
Other death (n = 313) |
p value Chi2 or ANOVA |
Missing data |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | 161 (66.5%) | 628 (62.6%) | 734 (59.5%) | 179 (57.2%) | 0.067 | 0 (0.0%) |
| Age (years) | 61.2 ± 16.0 | 64.1 ± 14.9 | 61.6 ± 14.9 | 70.5 ± 15.7 | < 0.001 | 0 (0.0%) |
| Home location | 152 (62.8%) | 731 (72.9%) | 876 (71.1%) | 250 (80.1%) | < 0.001 | 2 (0.1%) |
| Witnessed | 212 (87.6%) | 828 (82.8%) | 998 (81.0%) | 275 (87.9%) | 0.006 | 5 (0.2%) |
| Bystander CPR | 167 (69.6%) | 597 (60.4%) | 654 (53.2%) | 193 (62.7%) | < 0.001 | 26 (0.9%) |
| No-flow duration (min) | 3.4 ± 5.5 | 6.1 ± 8.6 | 7.3 ± 8.2 | 5.9 ± 7.9 | < 0.001 | 409 (14.6%) |
| First recorded rhythm | ||||||
|
Asystole PEA |
195 (80.6%) 47 (19.4%) |
836 (83.3%) 168 (16.7%) |
1058 (85.8%) 175 (14.2%) |
272 (86.9%) 41 (13.1%) |
0.072 | 0 (0.0%) |
| Epinephrine during CPR | ||||||
|
0 mg 1 mg 2–5 mg > 5 mg |
90 (37.2%) 57 (23.6%) 83 (34.3%) 12 (5.0%) |
43 (4.3%) 100 (10.0%) 575 (57.3%) 286 (28.5%) |
72 (5.8%) 236 (19.1%) 750 (60.8%) 175 (14.2%) |
38 (12.1%) 52 (16.6%) 178 (56.9%) 45 (14.4%) |
< 0.001 | 0 (0.0%) |
| Low-flow duration (min) | 17.2 ± 15.6 | 36.2 ± 27.6 | 27.7 ± 17.4 | 26.7 ± 16.8 | < 0.001 | 315 (11.3%) |
| Heart disease | 70 (28.9%) | 274 (27.3%) | 349 (28.3%) | 114 (36.4%) | 0.018 | 0 (0.0%) |
| Ischemic cardiopathy | 32 (13.2%) | 157 (15.7%) | 172 (14.0%) | 55 (17.6%) | 0.31 | 0 (0.0%) |
| Cancer | 27 (11.2%) | 97 (9.7%) | 135 (11.0%) | 59 (18.9%) | 0.001 | 0 (0.0%) |
| Renal disease | 19 (7.9%) | 76 (7.6%) | 109 (8.8%) | 37 (11.8%) | 0.126 | 0 (0.0%) |
| High blood pressure | 106 (43.8%) | 399 (39.7%) | 527 (42.7%) | 147 (47.0%) | 0.122 | 0 (0.0%) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 49 (20.3%) | 244 (24.3%) | 272 (22.1%) | 83 (26.5%) | 0.195 | 0 (0.0%) |
| Dyslipidemia | 48 (19.8%) | 164 (16.3%) | 208 (16.9%) | 53 (16.9%) | 0.635 | 0 (0.0%) |
|
ECMO Shock ARDS Refractory CA |
15 (6.2%) 7 (46.7%) 0 (0.0%) 8 (53.3%) |
134 (13.4%) 17 (12.7%) 0 (0.0%) 117 (87.3%) |
60 (4.9%) 8 (13.3%) 1 (1.7%) 51 (85.0%) |
21 (6.7%) 4 (19.0%) 0 (0.0%) 17 (81.0%) |
< 0.001 | 0 (0.0%) |
| Coronary angioplasty | 36 (14.9%) | 107 (10.7%) | 91 (7.4%) | 22 (7.0%) | < 0.001 | 31 (1.1%) |
| TTM | 122 (52.4%) | 264 (26.8%) | 628 (51.6%) | 81 (26.7%) | < 0.001 | 55 (2.0%) |
| Post-resuscitation shock | 142 (62.6%) | 761 (81.3%) | 754 (64.4%) | 185 (62.1%) | < 0.001 | 160 (5.7%) |
| Presumed cause of CA | ||||||
|
Cardiac Non-cardiac |
99 (40.9%) 143 (59.1%) |
629 (62.7%) 375 (37.3%) |
511 (41.4%) 722 (58.6%) |
172 (55.0%) 141 (45.0%) |
< 0.001 | 0 (0.0%) |
| Details of non-cardiac causes | ||||||
|
Dyskalemia Pulmonary embolism Intracranial bleeding Asphyxia Drug overdose Other |
6 (4.2%) 33 (23.1%) 2 (1.4%) 83 (58.0%) 4 (2.8%) 15 (10.5%) |
14 (3.7%) 82 (21.9%) 25 (6.7%) 173 (46.1%) 1 (0.3%) 80 (21.3%) |
28 (3.9%) 48 (6.6%) 181 (25.1%) 416 (57.6%) 6 (0.8%) 43 (6.0%) |
6 (4.3%) 18 (12.8%) 14 (9.9%) 79 (56.0%) 0 (0.0%) 24 (17.0%) |
< 0.001 | 0 (0.0%) |
CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; ALS, advanced life support; PEA, pulseless electrical activity; CA, cardiac arrest; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; TTM, targeted temperature management