TABLE 4.

Comparisons of the proposed Raman-CNN with other methods used for yeast identification

Criteria	Raman-CNN	PCR-based methods	DNA sequencing	Biochemical tests	Microscopic examination	MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry
Analysis time	Seconds to minutes	Hours to a day	Several days	Several days	Minutes to hours	Minutes
Sample preparation	Minimal	DNA extraction and purification	DNA extraction and purification	Culturing and sample preparation	Cell staining	Minimal
Non-destructive	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No
Sensitivity	High	High	High	Moderate to low	Moderate	High
Identification resolution	Strain level	Species to strain level	Strain level	Species to strain level	Species level	Species to strain level
Sample volume	Minimal	Small amount of DNA	Small amount of DNA	Large	Minimal	Small amount
Real-time monitoring	Possible	No	No	No	No	No
Cost	No reagent and minimal consumables, primarily driven by the instrument	Moderate, including the equipment, reagents, and consumables	High, driven by the equipment, reagents, and consumables	Moderate, including culture media, reagents, and consumables	Low, emphasizing on microscope and staining reagents	Minimal consumables, primarily driven by the instrument and reagents
Portability	Possible	Possible	Possible	Possible	Possible	No
References	(13, 14, 16, 18, 20, 85, 87–90)