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. 2023 Oct 6;36(1):158–173. doi: 10.1093/plcell/koad255

Figure 7.

Figure 7.

A proposed molecular framework for auxin-induced callus formation. Upon CIM treatment, a high concentration of auxin activates LBDs and WRKY23 via the IAA–ARF7/19 signaling module in the pericycle or pericycle-like cells. LBDs together with their partner bZIP59 trigger callus formation and result in the removal of bHLH041, which alleviates the repression of transcription of PLT1, PLT2, and WOX5. At the same time, WRKY23 directly activates transcription of PLT3 and PLT7 and thus indirectly that of their downstream genes PLT1, PLT2, and WOX5. Two transcriptional regulations synergize the callus pluripotency establishment and thus shoot-regenerating capability.