Figure 9.

A model for the role of GmNTL1 in H₂O₂-mediated induction of gene expression under salt stress. Under normal conditions, GmNTL1 localizes to the ER membrane. In response to salt stress, GmNTL1 translocates to the nucleus through its oxidation at the Cys-247 residue, where GmNTL1 directly activates the transcription of GmRbohB-1, GmRbohB-2, GmNHX1, and GmCHX1 in an H₂O₂-dependent manner and modulates H₂O₂ homeostasis and ion balance. H₂O₂, hydrogen peroxide; Cys, cysteine; -SH, sulfhydryl; -SOX, S-sulfenylation; S-sulfinylation, S-sulfonylation; ER, endoplasmic reticulum. The thin/thick arrows indicate the strength of target gene transcriptional activity. The blue arrow indicates a H₂O₂-GmNTL1-GmRbohBs-positive feed-forward regulatory loop. The black arrows indicate direct regulation.