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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Dec 22.
Published in final edited form as: ACS Nano. 2022 Nov 2;16(11):18223–18231. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05687

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Schematic showing the glucose-responsive insulin delivery system utilizing a microneedle-array patch encapsulated with red blood cell (RBC) vesicles bound with glucosamine-modified insulin (Glu-Insulin) together with additional free Glu-Insulin. Glu-Insulin can be quickly released under hyperglycemic conditions owing to the competitive interaction between Glu-Insulin and glucose. The additional Glu-Insulin loaded in the upper layer is expected to further bind to GLUT expressed on RBC vesicles, similar to a “recharge” process for further glucose-responsive release.