Core enzyme plus ςA is sufficient for in vitro transcription of the tagA and tagD promoters. Reactions and sample analysis were as described for Fig. 1. RNA markers are not shown. P, PhoP; R, PhoR; RNAP, purified B. subtilis RNA polymerase ςA holoenzyme; E, isolated core enzyme; ςA, purified ςA. −, absent; +, present.