Table 3.

Studies of prebiotics in the management of UC.

Sr. No.	Prebiotic used	Outcome Results	Reference
1	Plantago ovata seed	Maintain remission as effectively as mesalamine, Increased in fecal butyrate.	Fernandez-Banares, 1999.
2	Synergy 1 (inulin and oligofructose) 6 g/day and Bifidobacterium longum	Reduction of defensins 2, 3, and 4, TNF - α and IL- 1	Furrie et al., 2005.
3	Germinated barley foodstuff (30 g/day)	Reduction of clinical activity index scores and increase in stool butyrate concentrations.	Mitsuyama et al., 1998.
4	Polysaccharide from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi	Effective (attenuated body weight loss, reduced DAI, ameliorated colonic pathological damage, and decreased MPO activity)	Cui et al., 2021.
5	Synthetic glycans	Synthetic glycans increase survival, reduce weight loss, and improve clinical scores in mouse models of colitis	Tolonen et al., 2022.
6	GOS, FOS along with FMT	Treatment with FMT plus a prebiotic blend restores the structure of the intestinal flora and increased the levels of acetic acid, butyric acid, FFAR3, and ZO-1	Qian et al., 2022.
7	Alpha D-glucan from marine fungus Phoma herbarum YS4108	Effective (significantly increased butyrate, isovaleric acid levels, and prominent alterations on specific microbiota)	Liu et al., 2016.
8	Stachyose	Increased beneficial microbiota and bacterial diversity to alleviate acute colitis in mice	He et al., 2020.
9	Dictyophora indusiate polysaccharide	Effective (modulates gut microbiota)	Kanwal et al., 2020.
10	FMG or dealcoholised muscadine wine	Effective (reduced dysbiosis in the colon)	Li et al., 2020.
11	GFO	Effective (prevented and attenuated colitis symptoms and GI dysmotility, reducing populations of harmful bacteria and increasing SCFAs)	K-da et al., 2020.
12	β-fructans (oligofructose and inulin)	Did not prevent symptomatic relapses in UC patients but reduced the severity of biochemical relapse and increased anti-inflammatory metabolites	Valcheva et al., 2022.
13	Oral microencapsulated sodium butyrate (BLM)	BLM supplementation appears to be a valid add-on therapy to maintain remission in patients with UC	Vernero et al., 2020.
14	Oligofructose-enriched inulin	Less significant (scFOS on rectal sensitivity may require higher doses and may depend on the subgroup)	Valcheva et al., 2018.