Table 1.
Demographic and lifestyle characteristics and usual nutrient intakes and prevalence of nutrient adequacy of the study population by sex [mean (SD) or % (n)]
| Characteristic | Total n = 600 | Males n = 146 | Females n = 454 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 49.3 (5.7) | 49.6 (5.5) | 49.2 (5.8) | ||
| Mahidol staff, % (n) | 24.8 (149) | 25.3 (37) | 18.7 (112) | ||
| Education level, % (n) | |||||
| Primary school or below | 19.3 (116) | 17.1 (25) | 20.0 (91) | ||
| Secondary school or high school | 24.8 (149) | 28.1 (41) | 23.8 (108) | ||
| Professional diploma or university | 55.8 (335) | 54.8 (80) | 56.2 (255) | ||
| Married, % (n) | 61.5 (369) | 70.5 (103) | 58.6 (266) | ||
| Buddhist, % (n) | 97.3 (584) | 95.2 (139) | 98.0 (445) | ||
| Employed, % (n) | 88.3 (530) | 93.2 (136) | 86.8 (394) | ||
| Mean household size | 3.6 (1.7) | 3.7 (1.8) | 3.5 (1.6) | ||
| Annual household income, 1000 Thai baht1 | 396 (200, 720) | 480 (230, 800) | 370 (200, 684) | ||
| Per capita household income/mo, 1000 Thai baht | 10 (5, 20) | 11 (5, 21) | 10 (5, 20) | ||
| Individual income/mo, 1000 Thai baht | 17 (10, 32) | 20 (12, 37) | 17 (9, 30) | ||
| Individual income below the national poverty line, % (n) | 2.0 (11) | 1.5 (2) | 2.2 (9) | ||
| Physical activity, MET-min/wk | 460 (120, 1190) | 660 (240, 1680) | 420 (120, 1105) | ||
| Sedentary time, min/d | 240 (120, 360) | 240 (120, 360) | 210 (120, 360) | ||
| Current smoker, % (n) | 6.2 (37) | 20.5 (30) | 1.5 (7) | ||
| Poor sleep quality (PSQI score >5), % (n) | 53.5 (321) | 51.4 (75) | 45.8 (246) | ||
| Sodium screener score (range: 0–100) | 24.4 (9.3) | 26.0 (9.2) | 23.9 (9.2) | ||
| Underlying conditions, % (n) | |||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 7.5 (45) | 8.2 (12) | 7.3 (33) | ||
| Hypertension | 19.0 (114) | 22.6 (33) | 17.8 (81) | ||
| Dyslipidemia |
19.8 (119) |
20.5 (30) |
19.6 (89) |
||
| Nutrient intakes |
Mean (SD) |
% Adequacy |
Mean (SD) |
% Adequacy |
|
| Energy, kcal/d | 1871 (412) | 1463 (353) | |||
| Carbohydrate, g/d | 262.8 (62.8) | 204.3 (52.2) | |||
| Total sugar, g/d | 64.1 (18.1) | 58.8 (15.8) | |||
| Dietary fiber, g/d | 10.9 (2.5) | 10.1 (2.4) | |||
| Protein, g/d | 72.7 (16.5) | 76.58 | 59.3 (15.6) | 70.02 | |
| Animal-source protein, % of total protein | 66.6 (6.8) | 66.1 (9.3) | |||
| Fat, g/d | 55.9 (12.9) | 46.8 (12.2) | |||
| Contributors to total energy intake | |||||
| Carbohydrate, % | 56.3 (5.9) | 56.1 (6.8) | |||
| Protein, % | 15.7 (2.4) | 16.4 (3.2) | |||
| Fat, % | 27.2 (4.1) | 29.0 (4.4) | |||
| Saturated fat, % | 10.1 (1.7) | 11.1 (1.8) | |||
| Unsaturated fat, % | 17.1 (3.0) | 17.9 (3.1) | |||
| Calcium, mg/d | 346.6 (69.0) | 0.02 | 329.3 (79.5) | 0.22 | |
| Iron, mg/d | 10.5 (1.7) | 99.36 | 9.3 (1.7) | 66.97 | |
| Animal-source iron, % of total iron | 41.9 (5.5) | 41.1 (6.7) | |||
| Sodium, mg/d | 2527.0 (438.0) | 2257.3 (385.8) | |||
| Zinc, mg/d | 5.1 (1.2) | 1.33 | 4.2 (1.0) | 0.91 | |
| Vitamin A, RAE/d | 511.8 (104.1) | 51.04 | 493.7 (103.4) | 68.10 | |
| Thiamine, mg/d | 1.3 (0.2) | 89.62 | 1.2 (0.2) | 87.59 | |
| Vitamin B12, μg/d | 1.6 (0.6) | 24.43 | 1.5 (0.6) | 17.47 | |
Population characteristics are presented as mean (SD) or % (n) except for1 which is presented as median (P25, P75). Nutrient intake statistics are estimated from 2-d of 24-h dietary recalls per person adjusted for within-person variation. Percentage adequacy is estimated using the full-probability method.
Abbreviations: MET, metabolic equivalent of task; P25, P75; 25th and 75th percentiles; PSQI, Pittsburgh sleep quality index; RAE, retinol activity equivalent; SD standard deviation.