Table 2.
Clinical and biochemical characteristics of the study population [mean (SD) or % (n)]
| Characteristic | Total (n = 600) | Males (n = 146) | Females (n = 454) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Weight, kg | 64.8 (13.6) | 73.7 (13.0) | 61.9 (12.6) |
| Height, cm | 159.1 (7.8) | 168.8 (5.6) | 156.0 (5.6) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.5 (4.7) | 25.9 (4.2) | 25.4 (4.9) |
| Underweight (<18.5), % (n) | 1.7 (10) | 0.7 (1) | 2.0 (9) |
| Normal (18 to <25), % (n) | 50.7 (304) | 50.0 (73) | 50.9 (231) |
| Overweight (25 to <30), % (n) | 32.2 (194) | 33.6 (49) | 31.9 (145) |
| Obese (≥30), % (n) | 15.3 (92) | 15.8 (23) | 15.2 (69) |
| MUAC, cm | 30.4 (4.1) | 31.5 (3.5) | 30.0 (4.2) |
| High MUAC (≥30.9 cm in males, ≥30.0 cm in females), % (n) | 47.1 (282) | 55.5 (81) | 44.4 (201) |
| WC, cm | 85.0 (12.2) | 90.1 (11.7) | 83.3 (11.9) |
| Abdominal obesity (WC ≥90 cm in males, ≥80 cm in females), % (n) | 52.7 (316) | 48.6 (71) | 54.0 (245) |
| Waist-to-height ratio >0.5, % (n) | 62.8 (377) | 66.4 (97) | 61.7 (280) |
| Fat mass, % | 33.1 (8.1) | 25.5 (6.5) | 35.6 (7.0) |
| SBP, mm Hg | 121 (18) | 128 (15) | 119 (18) |
| DBP, mm Hg | 80 (12) | 84 (11) | 79 (12) |
| Hypertension (BP ≥130/85 mm Hg or on medication), % (n) | 43.0 (258) | 54.1 (79) | 39.4 (179) |
| Hb, g/L | 130.1 (15.3) | 144.9 (12.1) | 125.4 (13.0) |
| Anemia (Hb <130 g/L in males, <120 g/L in females), % (n) | 20.2 (121) | 8.9 (13) | 23.8 (108) |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 213 (43) | 209 (43) | 214 (43) |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 147 (41) | 141 (39) | 148 (42) |
| Raised LDL cholesterol (>160 mg/dL), % (n) | 34.3 (206) | 32.9 (48) | 34.8 (158) |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 53 (12) | 47 (11) | 55 (12) |
| Reduced HDL cholesterol (<40 mg/dL in males, <50 mg/dL in females), % (n) | 31.8 (191) | 21.9 (32) | 35.0 (159) |
| TG, mg/dL1 | 106 (74, 158) | 126 (87, 179) | 102 (71, 152) |
| Raised TG (>150 mg/dL), % (n) | 40.2 (241) | 52.1 (76) | 36.3 (165) |
| FPG, mg/dL | 105 (34) | 108 (29) | 105 (35) |
| Raised FPG (≥ 100 mg/dL), % (n) | 39.8 (239) | 51.4 (75) | 36.1 (164) |
| HbA1C, % | 5.8 (1.4) | 5.8 (1.1) | 5.9 (1.5) |
| HbA1C >6.5%, n (%) | 11.0 (66) | 12.3 (18) | 10.6 (48) |
| Metabolic syndrome (IDF criteria), % (n) | 37.5 (225) | 42.5 (62) | 35.9 (163) |
| 24-h urinary sodium, mg | 3397 (1424) | 3705 (1635) | 3282 (1320) |
| 24-h urinary potassium, mg | 1525 (562) | 1564 (608) | 1513 (542) |
Values are presented as mean (SD) or % (n) except for 1 which is presented as median (P25, P75).
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; Hb, hemoglobin; HbA1C, hemoglobin A1C; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IDF, International Diabetes Federation; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MUAC, midupper arm circumference; P25, P75; 25th and 75th percentiles; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; TG, triglyceride; WC, waist circumference.