Table 3.
Statistical comparison of Spearman’s correlation coefficients between methods for collecting GDQS data and outcomes related to nutrient adequacy and metabolic risk among Thai adults: Global Diet Quality Score (GDQS) app compared with GDQS-24 compared with GDQS-food-frequency questionnaire
| Outcome | rs (P) |
P-diff |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GDQS app | GDQS-24 | GDQS-FFQ | GDQS app vs. GDQS-24 | GDQS app vs. GDQS-FFQ | GDQS-24 vs. GDQS-FFQ | |
| Energy-adjusted 24HR nutrient intakes and adequacy | ||||||
| Protein | 0.09 (0.032)∗ | 0.07 (0.097) | 0.12 (0.004)∗ | 0.549 | 0.530 | 0.316 |
| Saturated fat | –0.15 (<0.001)∗ | 0.01 (0.807) | 0.03 (0.479) | <0.001∗ | <0.001∗ | 0.794 |
| Monounsaturated fat | –0.01 (0.866) | 0.07 (0.097) | 0.03 (0.462) | 0.058 | 0.321 | 0.451 |
| Polyunsaturated fat | 0.12 (0.002)∗ | 0.11 (0.005)∗ | 0.10 (0.025)∗ | 0.678 | 0.706 | 0.682 |
| Fiber | 0.32 (<0.001)∗ | 0.34 (<0.001)∗ | 0.26 (<0.001)∗ | 0.986 | 0.242 | 0.071 |
| Calcium | 0.22 (<0.001)∗ | 0.19 (<0.001)∗ | 0.21 (<0.001)∗ | 0.500 | 0.847 | 0.713 |
| Iron | 0.22 (<0.001)∗ | 0.16 (<0.001)∗ | 0.14 (0.001)∗ | 0.090 | 0.113 | 0.767 |
| Zinc | 0.14 (<0.001)∗ | 0.14 (0.001)∗ | 0.02 (0.627) | 0.867 | 0.015∗ | 0.023∗ |
| Vitamin A | 0.26 (<0.001)∗ | 0.20 (<0.001)∗ | 0.21 (<0.001)∗ | 0.180 | 0.353 | 0.744 |
| Thiamine | 0.10 (0.016)∗ | 0.15 (<0.001)∗ | 0.07 (0.077) | 0.343 | 0.919 | 0.118 |
| Vitamin B12 | 0.16 (<0.001)∗ | 0.13 (0.002)∗ | 0.07 (0.089) | 0.378 | 0.077 | 0.298 |
| Probability of protein adequacy | 0.10 (0.012)∗ | 0.07 (0.081) | 0.07 (0.087) | 0.314 | 0.491 | 0.981 |
| Mean probability of micronutrient adequacy | 0.26 (<0.001)∗ | 0.23 (<0.001)∗ | 0.18 (<0.001)∗ | 0.464 | 0.205 | 0.412 |
| Energy-adjusted FFQ nutrient intakes and adequacy | ||||||
| Protein | –0.05 (0.245) | 0.04 (0.355) | 0.09 (0.036)∗ | 0.066 | 0.008∗ | 0.415 |
| Saturated fat | –0.02 (0.698) | 0.11 (0.010)∗ | 0.07 (0.085) | 0.001∗ | 0.157 | 0.347 |
| Monounsaturated fat | –0.02 (0.705) | 0.09 (0.036)∗ | 0.04 (0.346) | 0.016∗ | 0.266 | 0.336 |
| Polyunsaturated fat | 0.03 (0.494) | 0.14 (0.001)∗ | 0.17 (<0.001)∗ | 0.013∗ | 0.004∗ | 0.500 |
| Fiber | 0.20 (<0.001)∗ | 0.18 (<0.001)∗ | 0.49 (<0.001)∗ | 0.588 | <0.001∗ | <0.001∗ |
| Calcium | 0.12 (0.004)∗ | 0.15 (<0.001)∗ | 0.49 (<0.001)∗ | 0.362 | <0.001∗ | <0.001∗ |
| Iron | 0.10 (0.020)∗ | 0.17 (<0.001)∗ | 0.38 (<0.001)∗ | 0.084 | <0.001∗ | <0.001∗ |
| Zinc | 0.01 (0.793) | 0.10 (0.015)∗ | 0.17 (<0.001)∗ | 0.033∗ | 0.001∗ | 0.161 |
| Vitamin A | 0.11 (0.009)∗ | 0.14 (0.001)∗ | 0.11 (0.007)∗ | 0.673 | 0.935 | 0.442 |
| Thiamine | 0.01 (0.781) | 0.12 (0.004)∗ | 0.26 (<0.001)∗ | 0.009∗ | <0.001∗ | 0.009∗ |
| Vitamin B12 | 0.04 (0.399) | 0.09 (0.034)∗ | 0.01 (0.789) | 0.279 | 0.693 | 0.173 |
| Probability of protein adequacy | 0.04 (0.372) | 0.04 (0.336) | 0.21 (<0.001)∗ | 0.898 | <0.001∗ | 0.001∗ |
| Mean probability of micronutrient adequacy | 0.10 (0.012)∗ | 0.16 (<0.001)∗ | 0.46 (<0.001)∗ | 0.149 | <0.001∗ | <0.001∗ |
| Clinical and biochemical measurements | ||||||
| BMI | –0.11 (0.010)∗ | –0.07 (0.073) | –0.05 (0.199) | 0.455 | 0.242 | 0.480 |
| Fat mass, % | –0.11 (0.007)∗ | 0.01 (0.798) | –0.04 (0.353) | 0.003∗ | 0.115 | 0.591 |
| MUAC | –0.11 (0.005)∗ | –0.10 (0.016)∗ | –0.07 (0.094) | 0.774 | 0.285 | 0.399 |
| WC | –0.10 (0.015)∗ | –0.10 (0.013)∗ | –0.09 (0.039)∗ | 0.972 | 0.676 | 0.607 |
| SBP | –0.01 (0.755) | –0.05 (0.192) | –0.04 (0.280) | 0.228 | 0.606 | 0.707 |
| DBP | –0.08 (0.051) | –0.10 (0.017)∗ | –0.08 (0.071) | 0.517 | 0.791 | 0.393 |
| Hb | 0.01 (0.768) | –0.09 (0.029)∗ | –0.04 (0.286) | 0.013∗ | 0.298 | 0.557 |
| Total cholesterol | –0.01 (0.779) | 0.00 (0.984) | –0.04 (0.295) | 0.977 | 0.790 | 0.392 |
| LDL cholesterol | –0.05 (0.233) | –0.02 (0.623) | –0.03 (0.543) | 0.735 | 0.387 | 0.864 |
| HDL cholesterol | 0.09 (0.034)∗ | 0.09 (0.023)∗ | 0.09 (0.031)∗ | 0.932 | 0.742 | 0.992 |
| TG | –0.10 (0.017)∗ | –0.08 (0.055) | –0.08 (0.060) | 0.698 | 0.565 | 0.789 |
| FPG | –0.07 (0.079) | –0.08 (0.060) | –0.02 (0.582) | 0.978 | 0.313 | 0.301 |
| HbA1C | 0.00 (0.917) | 0.02 (0.671) | 0.00 (0.960) | 0.678 | 0.953 | 0.692 |
| Number of MetS components | –0.07 (0.087) | –0.05 (0.182) | –0.07 (0.077) | 0.652 | 0.951 | 0.931 |
| 24-h urinary sodium | 0.02 (0.713) | –0.07 (0.153) | –0.06 (0.256) | 0.021∗ | 0.329 | 0.683 |
| 24-h urinary potassium | 0.18 (<0.001)∗ | 0.12 (0.017)∗ | 0.21 (<0.001)∗ | 0.131 | 0.854 | 0.275 |
| Sodium screener score | –0.19 (<0.001)∗ | –0.15 (<0.001)∗ | –0.08 (0.047)∗ | 0.361 | 0.030∗ | 0.117 |
P-diff: P for difference estimated using Wolfe’s test for dependent correlation coefficients. ∗ indicates P for the significance of correlation coefficient <0.05 or P-diff <0.05.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FFQ/-FFQ, food-frequency questionnaire; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GDQS, Global Diet Quality Score; Hb, hemoglobin; HbA1C, hemoglobin A1C; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MetS, metabolic syndrome; MUAC, midupper arm circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TG, triglyceride; WC, waist circumference
24HR/-24, 24-h dietary recall.