TABLE 4.
Statistical comparison of Spearman’s correlations between diet metrics and outcomes related to nutrient adequacy and metabolic risk among Thai adults: Global Diet Quality Score (GDQS) app compared with non-GDQS metrics scored using 24-h dietary recall and food-frequency questionnaire data
| Outcome | rs (P) |
P-diff |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GDQS app | MDDW-24 | AHEI-24 | GDR-24 | MDDW-FFQ | AHEI-FFQ | GDQS app vs. MDDW-24 | GDQS app vs. AHEI-24 | GDQS app vs. GDR-24 | GDQS app vs. MDDW-FFQ | GDQS app vs. AHEI-FFQ | |
| Energy-adjusted 24HR nutrient intakes and adequacy | |||||||||||
| Protein | 0.09 (0.032)∗ | 0.07 (0.088) | 0.04 (0.385) | –0.01 (0.752) | 0.07 (0.098) | 0.07 (0.105) | 0.315 | 0.257 | 0.026∗ | 0.683 | 0.744 |
| Saturated fat | –0.15 (<0.001)∗ | 0.04 (0.362) | –0.05 (0.248) | –0.14 (<0.001)∗ | 0.06 (0.166) | –0.05 (0.253) | 0.000∗ | 0.040∗ | 0.543 | 0.000∗ | 0.038∗ |
| Monounsaturated fat | –0.01 (0.866) | 0.07 (0.090) | 0.05 (0.219) | –0.07 (0.082) | 0.05 (0.259) | –0.02 (0.685) | 0.148 | 0.137 | 0.116 | 0.315 | 0.821 |
| Polyunsaturated fat | 0.12 (0.002)∗ | 0.10 (0.011)∗ | 0.24 (<0.001)∗ | 0.03 (0.436) | 0.12 (0.004)∗ | 0.11 (0.010)∗ | 0.425 | 0.001∗ | 0.010∗ | 0.955 | 0.961 |
| Fiber | 0.32 (<0.001)∗ | 0.23 (<0.001)∗ | 0.46 (<0.001)∗ | 0.39 (<0.001)∗ | 0.18 (<0.001)∗ | 0.38 (<0.001)∗ | 0.015 | 0.001∗ | 0.248 | 0.006∗ | 0.218 |
| Calcium | 0.22 (<0.001)∗ | 0.21 (<0.001)∗ | 0.24 (<0.001)∗ | 0.18 (<0.001)∗ | 0.20 (<0.001)∗ | 0.25 (<0.001)∗ | 0.724 | 0.666 | 0.432 | 0.680 | 0.542 |
| Iron | 0.22 (<0.001)∗ | 0.16 (<0.001)∗ | 0.10 (0.010)∗ | 0.10 (0.011)∗ | 0.08 (0.063) | 0.13 (0.001)∗ | 0.099 | 0.003∗ | 0.004∗ | 0.007∗ | 0.056 |
| Zinc | 0.14 (<0.001)∗ | 0.06 (0.130) | 0.08 (0.052) | 0.12 (0.003)∗ | 0.00 (0.867) | 0.03 (0.500) | 0.024∗ | 0.080 | 0.449 | 0.003∗ | 0.012∗ |
| Vitamin A | 0.26 (<0.001)∗ | 0.26 (<0.001)∗ | 0.19 (<0.001)∗ | 0.18 (<0.001)∗ | 0.16 (<0.001)∗ | 0.24 (<0.001)∗ | 0.788 | 0.065 | 0.071 | 0.061 | 0.498 |
| Thiamine | 0.10 (0.016)∗ | 0.16 (<0.001)∗ | 0.07 (0.081) | 0.11 (0.008)∗ | 0.05 (0.191) | 0.02 (0.547) | 0.206 | 0.398 | 0.867 | 0.558 | 0.218 |
| Vitamin B12 | 0.16 (<0.001)∗ | 0.16 (<0.001)∗ | 0.03 (0.442) | 0.09 (0.021)∗ | 0.05 (0.223) | 0.07 (0.104) | 0.548 | 0.000∗ | 0.126 | 0.035∗ | 0.029∗ |
| Probability of protein adequacy | 0.10 (0.012)∗ | 0.06 (0.124) | 0.06 (0.141) | 0.01 (0.735) | 0.09 (0.040)∗ | 0.10 (0.016)∗ | 0.233 | 0.319 | 0.034∗ | 0.695 | 0.951 |
| Mean probability of micronutrient adequacy | 0.26 (<0.001)∗ | 0.25 (<0.001)∗ | 0.21 (<0.001)∗ | 0.19 (<0.001)∗ | 0.10 (0.015)∗ | 0.20 (<0.001)∗ | 0.505 | 0.153 | 0.140 | 0.003∗ | 0.287 |
| Energy-adjusted FFQ nutrient intakes and adequacy | |||||||||||
| Protein | –0.05 (0.245) | 0.00 (0.987) | 0.03 (0.520) | 0.02 (0.608) | 0.02 (0.584) | 0.05 (0.238) | 0.221 | 0.058 | 0.067 | 0.080 | 0.049∗ |
| Saturated fat | –0.02 (0.698) | 0.04 (0.367) | 0.01 (0.751) | –0.06 (0.156) | 0.10 (0.016)∗ | 0.02 (0.692) | 0.155 | 0.217 | 0.467 | 0.031∗ | 0.526 |
| Monounsaturated fat | –0.02 (0.705) | 0.04 (0.307) | 0.01 (0.721) | 0.00 (0.973) | 0.01 (0.873) | 0.01 (0.758) | 0.130 | 0.358 | 0.569 | 0.394 | 0.534 |
| Polyunsaturated fat | 0.03 (0.494) | 0.03 (0.453) | 0.09 (0.024)∗ | 0.06 (0.165) | 0.09 (0.026)∗ | 0.19 (<0.001)∗ | 0.876 | 0.122 | 0.448 | 0.093 | 0.001∗ |
| Fiber | 0.20 (<0.001)∗ | 0.12 (0.004)∗ | 0.34 (<0.001)∗ | 0.27 (<0.001)∗ | 0.33 (<0.001)∗ | 0.62 (<0.001)∗ | 0.039∗ | 0.001∗ | 0.072 | 0.010∗ | 0.000∗ |
| Calcium | 0.12 (0.004)∗ | 0.13 (0.002)∗ | 0.16 (<0.001)∗ | 0.19 (<0.001)∗ | 0.45 (<0.001)∗ | 0.45 (<0.001)∗ | 0.946 | 0.407 | 0.022∗ | 0.000∗ | 0.000∗ |
| Iron | 0.10 (0.020)∗ | 0.09 (0.029)∗ | 0.20 (<0.001)∗ | 0.02 (<0.001)∗ | 0.26 (<0.001)∗ | 0.37 (<0.001)∗ | 0.784 | 0.010∗ | 0.002∗ | 0.002∗ | 0.000∗ |
| Zinc | 0.01 (0.793) | 0.08 (0.059) | 0.08 (0.057) | 0.07 (0.102) | 0.11 (0.008)∗ | 0.12 (0.003)∗ | 0.183 | 0.132 | 0.214 | 0.035∗ | 0.045 |
| Vitamin A | 0.11 (0.009)∗ | 0.11 (0.007)∗ | 0.15 (<0.001)∗ | 0.20 (<0.001)∗ | 0.04 (0.356) | 0.14 (<0.001)∗ | 0.868 | 0.227 | 0.011∗ | 0.203 | 0.267 |
| Thiamine | 0.01 (0.781) | 0.08 (0.045)∗ | 0.15 (<0.001)∗ | 0.12 (0.003)∗ | 0.17 (<0.001)∗ | 0.27 (<0.001)∗ | 0.156 | 0.001∗ | 0.005∗ | 0.001∗ | 0.000∗ |
| Vitamin B12 | 0.04 (0.399) | 0.05 (0.238) | 0.02 (0.703) | 0.10 (0.020)∗ | -0.01 (0.767) | -0.02 (0.627) | 0.742 | 0.670 | 0.166 | 0.552 | 0.301 |
| Probability of protein adequacy | 0.04 (0.372) | 0.08 (0.042)∗ | 0.01 (0.782) | 0.03 (0.515) | 0.18 (<0.001)∗ | 0.14 (<0.001)∗ | 0.282 | 0.500 | 0.888 | 0.001∗ | 0.032∗ |
| Mean probability of micronutrient adequacy | 0.10 (0.012)∗ | 0.17 (<0.001)∗ | 0.17 (<0.001)∗ | 0.19 (<0.001)∗ | 0.38 (<0.001)∗ | 0.39 (<0.001)∗ | 0.194 | 0.107 | 0.042∗ | 0.000∗ | 0.000∗ |
| Clinical and biochemical measurements | |||||||||||
| BMI | –0.11 (0.010)∗ | –0.06 (0.176) | –0.08 (0.054) | –0.04 (0.369) | –0.08 (0.041)∗ | –0.13 (0.002)∗ | 0.276 | 0.541 | 0.131 | 0.766 | 0.865 |
| Fat mass, % | –0.11 (0.007)∗ | –0.02 (0.620) | –0.04 (0.317) | 0.00 (0.972) | –0.05 (0.222) | –0.06 (0.147) | 0.057 | 0.150 | 0.009∗ | 0.231 | 0.116 |
| MUAC | –0.11 (0.005)∗ | –0.07 (0.090) | –0.07 (0.075) | –0.06 (0.137) | –0.09 (0.030)∗ | –0.13 (0.001)∗ | 0.336 | 0.234 | 0.287 | 0.701 | 0.934 |
| WC | –0.10 (0.015)∗ | –0.05 (0.215) | –0.09 (0.033)∗ | –0.06 (0.123) | –0.10 (0.012)∗ | –0.17 (<0.001)∗ | 0.262 | 0.764 | 0.552 | 0.830 | 0.214 |
| SBP | –0.01 (0.755) | –0.04 (0.301) | 0.02 (0.660) | –0.02 (0.576) | –0.09 (0.024)∗ | –0.07 (0.111) | 0.592 | 0.322 | 0.658 | 0.109 | 0.394 |
| DBP | –0.08 (0.051) | –0.06 (0.178) | –0.04 (0.277) | –0.08 (0.060) | –0.12 (0.004)∗ | –0.11 (0.009)∗ | 0.464 | 0.342 | 0.792 | 0.468 | 0.819 |
| Hb | 0.01 (0.768) | –0.05 (0.250) | –0.03 (0.479) | –0.03 (0.476) | –0.06 (0.185) | –0.05 (0.200) | 0.250 | 0.559 | 0.308 | 0.152 | 0.133 |
| Total cholesterol | –0.01 (0.779) | –0.07 (0.106) | 0.03 (0.517) | –0.07 (0.075) | –0.04 (0.371) | –0.01 (0.837) | 0.275 | 0.318 | 0.227 | 0.642 | 0.744 |
| LDL cholesterol | –0.05 (0.233) | –0.08 (0.061) | –0.02 (0.657) | –0.07 (0.083) | –0.02 (0.635) | –0.02 (0.577) | 0.542 | 0.374 | 0.688 | 0.433 | 0.457 |
| HDL cholesterol | 0.09 (0.034)∗ | 0.08 (0.038)∗ | 0.12 (0.003)∗ | 0.06 (0.165) | 0.08 (0.041)∗ | 0.16 (<0.001)∗ | 0.886 | 0.516 | 0.595 | 0.957 | 0.080 |
| TG | –0.10 (0.017)∗ | –0.07 (0.078) | –0.08 (0.041)∗ | –0.09 (0.020)∗ | –0.09 (0.038)∗ | –0.16 (<0.001)∗ | 0.465 | 0.774 | 0.848 | 0.847 | 0.292 |
| FPG | –0.07 (0.079) | –0.08 (0.048)∗ | –0.07 (0.090) | –0.06 (0.134) | –0.02 (0.641) | –0.06 (0.158) | 0.858 | 0.747 | 0.789 | 0.436 | 0.676 |
| HbA1C | 0.00 (0.917) | 0.01 (0.825) | 0.03 (0.529) | –0.02 (0.667) | 0.01 (0.863) | –0.03 (0.419) | 0.910 | 0.527 | 0.601 | 0.979 | 0.532 |
| Number of MetS components | –0.07 (0.087) | –0.07 (0.100) | –0.04 (0.361) | 0.00 (0.895) | –0.11 (0.007)∗ | –0.12 (0.003)∗ | 0.811 | 0.320 | 0.082 | 0.343 | 0.340 |
| 24-h urinary sodium | 0.02 (0.713) | 0.02 (0.680) | –0.07 (0.166) | –0.08 (0.098) | –0.03 (0.512) | –0.14 (0.004)∗ | 0.831 | 0.073 | 0.033∗ | 0.489 | 0.007∗ |
| 24-h urinary potassium | 0.18 (<0.001)∗ | 0.13 (0.009)∗ | 0.22 (<0.001)∗ | 0.13 (0.010)∗ | 0.13 (0.008)∗ | 0.26 (<0.001)∗ | 0.260 | 0.657 | 0.346 | 0.326 | 0.327 |
| Sodium screener score | –0.19 (<0.001)∗ | –0.11 (0.010)∗ | –0.47 (<0.001)∗ | –0.23 (<0.001)∗ | 0.02 (0.562) | –0.45 (<0.001)∗ | 0.039∗ | 0.000∗ | 0.302 | 0.000∗ | 0.000∗ |
P-diff: P for difference estimated using Wolfe’s test for dependent correlation coefficients. ∗ indicates P for the significance of correlation coefficient <0.05 or P-diff <0.05.
Abbreviations: AHEI, Alternative Healthy Eating Index; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FFQ / -FFQ, food-frequency questionnaire; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GDQS, Global Diet Quality Score; GDR, Global Dietary Recommendations; Hb, hemoglobin; HbA1C, hemoglobin A1C; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MDDW, Minimum Diet Diversity–Wwomen; MetS, metabolic syndrome, MUAC, midupper arm circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TG, triglyceride; WC, waist circumference; 24HR / -24, 24-h dietary recall.