Table 7.
Statistical comparison of multivariable associations between diet metrics and outcomes related to nutrient adequacy and metabolic risk among Thai adults: Global Diet Quality Score (GDQS) app compared with non-GDQS metrics scored using 24-h dietary recall data
| Outcome | GDQS app |
MDDW-24 |
AHEI-24 |
GDR-24 |
P-diff |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Per 1 SD | P-trend | Per 1 SD | P-trend | Per 1 SD | P-trend | Per 1 SD | P-trend | GDQS app vs. MDDW-24 | GDQS app vs. AHEI-24 | GDQS app vs. GDR-24 | |
| Continuous outcomes (statistic: estimated marginal mean, 95%CI) | |||||||||||
| Probability of protein adequacy computed from 24HR (energy-adjusted), % | 3.7 (1.1, 6.2) | 0.025∗ | 1.5 (–1.0, 4.1) | 0.145 | 0.9 (–1.7, 3.5) | 0.352 | 0.0 (–2.5, 2.6) | 0.829 | 0.391 | 0.299 | 0.113 |
| Mean probability of micronutrient adequacy computed from 24HR (energy-adjusted), % | 2.8 (1.9, 3.7) | <0.001∗ | 2.5 (1.6, 3.3) | <0.001∗ | 1.8 (0.8, 2.7) | 0.001∗ | 2.1 (1.2, 3.0) | <0.001∗ | 0.441 | 0.091 | 0.264 |
| Probability of protein adequacy computed from FFQ (energy-adjusted), % | 2.3 (–0.3, 5.0) | 0.171 | 2.7 (–0.1, 5.4) | 0.103 | 1.8 (–1.0, 4.6) | 0.539 | 1.5 (–1.2, 4.2) | 0.774 | 0.532 | 0.534 | 0.306 |
| Mean probability of micronutrient adequacy computed from FFQ (energy-adjusted), % | 2.1 (0.7, 3.6) | 0.018∗ | 2.6 (1.1, 4.1) | 0.002∗ | 3.1 (1.6, 4.6) | 0.002∗ | 3.3 (1.8, 4.7) | <0.001∗ | 0.292 | 0.285 | 0.127 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | –0.4 (–0.8, 0.0) | 0.045∗ | 0.1 (–0.3, 0.5) | 0.741 | –0.3 (–0.7, 0.1) | 0.369 | –0.1 (–0.5, 0.3) | 0.358 | 0.164 | 0.334 | 0.181 |
| MUAC, cm | –0.5 (–0.8, –0.1) | 0.017∗ | –0.0 (–0.4, 0.3) | 0.317 | –0.2 (–0.5, 0.2) | 0.511 | –0.2 (–0.5, 0.2) | 0.105 | 0.192 | 0.216 | 0.208 |
| WC, cm | –1.1 (–2.1, –0.2) | 0.037∗ | 0.2 (–0.7, 1.2) | 0.678 | –0.8 (–1.8, 0.1) | 0.178 | –0.5 (–1.4, 0.5) | 0.199 | 0.199 | 0.480 | 0.248 |
| Fat mass, % | –0.9 (–1.4, –0.3) | 0.002∗ | –0.0 (–0.6, 0.5) | 0.425 | –0.8 (–1.4, –0.2) | 0.024∗ | –0.5 (–1.1, 0.0) | 0.028∗ | 0.138 | 0.466 | 0.299 |
| SBP, mm Hg | –1 (–2, 0) | 0.355 | –0.5 (–1.9, 0.8) | 0.402 | –0.5 (–1.9, 0.9) | 0.857 | –0.4 (–1.7, 1.0) | 0.484 | 0.555 | 0.405 | 0.530 |
| DBP, mm Hg | –1 (–2, –0) | 0.021∗ | –0.5 (–1.38, 0.5) | 0.293 | –0.6 (–1.6, 0.3) | 0.310 | –0.7 (–1.6, 0.2) | 0.201 | 0.306 | 0.327 | 0.391 |
| Hb, g/L | –0.4 (–1.4, 0.7) | 0.470 | –0.1 (–0.2, 0.1) | 0.106 | 0.0 (–0.1, 0.1) | 0.634 | 0.0 (–0.1, 0.1) | 0.688 | 0.370 | 0.233 | 0.222 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | –3 (–7, 0) | 0.079 | –4 (–8, –1) | 0.009∗ | –2 (–6, 1) | 0.223 | –4 (–8, –1) | 0.021∗ | 0.304 | 0.608 | 0.224 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | –3 (–7, 0) | 0.087 | –4 (–7, –1) | 0.012∗ | –2 (–5, 1) | 0.222 | –3 (–7, –0) | 0.074 | 0.413 | 0.966 | 0.464 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 1 (0, 2) | 0.032∗ | 1 (–0, 2) | 0.089 | 1 (0, 2) | 0.023∗ | 0 (–1, 1) | 0.990 | 0.537 | 0.51 | 0.132 |
| TG, mg/dL | –10 (–19, –0) | 0.113 | –4 (–13, 5) | 0.210 | –12 (–22, –3) | 0.020∗ | –6 (–16, 3) | 0.290 | 0.688 | 0.252 | 0.584 |
| FPG, mg/dL | –1 (–4, 1) | 0.743 | –3 (–6, –0) | 0.042∗ | –2 (–5, 1) | 0.263 | –2 (–5, 1) | 0.301 | 0.242 | 0.369 | 0.389 |
| HbA1C, % | 0.0 (–0.2, 0.1) | 0.892 | –0.1 (–0.2, 0.0) | 0.138 | –0.1 (–0.2, 0.0) | 0.281 | –0.1 (–0.2, 0.0) | 0.112 | 0.332 | 0.283 | 0.273 |
| Number of MetS components (range: 0–5) | –0.2 (–0.3, 0.0) | 0.063 | –0.1 (–0.1, 0.1) | 0.195 | –0.1 (–0.2, 0.0) | 0.17 | –0.0 (–0.2, 0.1) | 0.606 | 0.406 | 0.603 | 0.199 |
| 24-h urinary sodium, mg | 69 (–69, 212) | 0.649 | 58 (–69, 193) | 0.569 | –30 (–161, 113) | 0.879 | –101 (–230, 35) | 0.311 | 0.729 | 0.302 | 0.210 |
| 24-h urinary potassium, mg | 117 (62, 172) | <0.001∗ | 47 (0, 101) | 0.162 | 144 (90, 199) | <0.001∗ | 86 (31, 137) | 0.003∗ | 0.245 | 0.365 | 0.434 |
| Sodium screener score (range: 0–100) | –1.4 (–2.1, –0.7) | 0.001∗ | –0.5 (–1.2, 0.2) | 0.292 | –3.8 (–4.4, –3.1) | <0.001∗ | –2.1 (–2.8, –1.4) | <0.001∗ | 0.129 | 0.012∗ | 0.106 |
| Binary outcomes (statistic: multivariable odds ratio, 95%CI) | |||||||||||
| BMI ≥25 kg/m2 | 0.89 (0.75, 1.05) | 0.128 | 1.04 (0.88, 1.22) | 0.514 | 0.89 (0.75, 1.06) | 0.265 | 0.97 (0.82, 1.14) | 0.562 | 0.334 | 0.528 | 0.227 |
| High MUAC | 0.83 (0.7, 0.98) | 0.020∗ | 0.9 (0.76, 1.07) | 0.023∗ | 0.94 (0.79, 1.12) | 0.902 | 0.92 (0.78, 1.09) | 0.267 | 0.583 | 0.165 | 0.169 |
| Abdominal obesity | 0.8 (0.67, 0.94) | 0.009∗ | 1.00 (0.85, 1.19) | 0.303 | 0.86 (0.72, 1.03) | 0.064 | 0.92 (0.78, 1.09) | 0.166 | 0.184 | 0.466 | 0.173 |
| Waist-to-height ratio >0.5 | 0.80 (0.67, 0.96) | 0.008∗ | 0.94 (0.79, 1.11) | 0.096 | 0.81 (0.68, 0.97) | 0.009∗ | 0.88 (0.74, 1.05) | 0.034∗ | 0.296 | 0.885 | 0.309 |
| Hypertension | 0.87 (0.73, 1.03) | 0.154 | 0.92 (0.78, 1.1) | 0.28 | 0.98 (0.82, 1.17) | 0.827 | 0.95 (0.8, 1.12) | 0.326 | 0.630 | 0.394 | 0.615 |
| Anemia | 1.08 (0.88, 1.32) | 0.532 | 0.97 (0.78, 1.2) | 0.881 | 0.99 (0.8, 1.22) | 0.977 | 0.95 (0.78, 1.17) | 0.584 | 0.645 | 0.340 | 0.268 |
| Raised LDL cholesterol | 0.96 (0.81, 1.14) | 0.899 | 0.85 (0.71, 1.02) | 0.118 | 1.00 (0.84, 1.20) | 0.559 | 0.88 (0.74, 1.05) | 0.139 | 0.217 | 0.376 | 0.171 |
| Reduced HDL cholesterol | 0.93 (0.77, 1.11) | 0.419 | 0.97 (0.81, 1.16) | 0.641 | 0.91 (0.76, 1.10) | 0.234 | 1.06 (0.89, 1.27) | 0.325 | 0.468 | 0.574 | 0.118 |
| Raised TG | 0.94 (0.79, 1.12) | 0.886 | 0.97 (0.82, 1.15) | 0.670 | 0.96 (0.80, 1.14) | 0.791 | 0.98 (0.83, 1.17) | 0.528 | 0.743 | 0.935 | 0.490 |
| Raised FPG | 0.88 (0.74, 1.04) | 0.385 | 0.91 (0.77, 1.08) | 0.389 | 0.87 (0.73, 1.04) | 0.246 | 0.94 (0.79, 1.11) | 0.462 | 0.573 | 0.399 | 0.925 |
| Raised HbA1C | 0.93 (0.70, 1.22) | 0.680 | 0.86 (0.65, 1.13) | 0.444 | 0.98 (0.73, 1.29) | 0.939 | 0.92 (0.70, 1.20) | 0.414 | 0.537 | 0.728 | 0.731 |
| MetS | 0.92 (0.77, 1.1) | 0.755 | 1.03 (0.86, 1.22) | 0.737 | 0.92 (0.77, 1.11) | 0.466 | 1.02 (0.86, 1.22) | 0.546 | 0.983 | 0.396 | 0.292 |
Values presented as multivariable estimated marginal means or odds ratios (95% CI) associated with a 1-SD positive difference in metrics. Models adjusted for age, sex, education, physical activity, smoking, sleep quality, and study group (Mahidol staff compared with community sample). P-trend: multivariable P for linear trend across metric quintiles. P-diff: P for the difference in linear trends across metric quintiles from the Wald test. ∗ indicates P-trend or P-diff <0.05.
Abbreviations: AHEI, Alternative Healthy Eating Index; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FFQ / -FFQ, food-frequency questionnaire; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GDQS, Global Diet Quality Score; GDR, Global Dietary Recommendations; Hb, hemoglobin; HbA1C, hemoglobin A1C; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MDDW, Minimum Dietary Diversity–Women; MetS, metabolic syndrome; MUAC, midupper arm circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TG, triglyceride; WC, waist circumference; 24HR / -24, 24-h dietary recall.