Table 8.
Statistical comparison of multivariable associations between diet metrics and outcomes related to nutrient adequacy and metabolic risk among Thai adults: Global Diet Quality Score (GDQS) app compared with non-GDQS metrics scored using food-frequency questionnaires data
| Outcome | GDQS app |
MDDW-FFQ |
AHEI-FFQ |
P-diff2 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Per 1 SD | P-trend | Per 1 SD | P-trend | Per 1 SD | P-trend | GDQS app vs. MDDW-FFQ | GDQS app vs. AHEI-FFQ | |
| Continuous outcomes (statistic: estimated marginal mean, 95%CI) | ||||||||
| Probability of protein adequacy computed from 24HR (energy-adjusted), % | 3.7 (1.1, 6.2) | 0.025∗ | 1.8 (–0.8, 4.4) | 0.464 | 1.5 (–1.2, 4.2) | 0.407 | 0.282 | 0.363 |
| Mean probability of micronutrient adequacy computed from 24HR (energy-adjusted), % | 2.8 (1.9, 3.7) | <0.001∗ | 1.2 (0.3, 2.1) | 0.251 | 1.4 (0.5, 2.4) | <0.001∗ | 0.164 | 0.067 |
| Probability of protein adequacy computed from FFQ (energy-adjusted), % | 2.3 (–0.3, 5.0) | 0.171 | 4.6 (1.9, 7.3) | 0.029 | 4.0 (1.2, 6.8) | 0.013∗ | 0.348 | 0.302 |
| Mean probability of micronutrient adequacy computed from FFQ (energy-adjusted), % | 2.1 (0.7, 3.6) | 0.018∗ | 6.0 (4.6, 7.4) | <0.001∗ | 6.2 (4.8, 7.7) | <0.001∗ | 0.041∗ | 0.046∗ |
| BMI, kg/m2 | –0.4 (–0.8, 0.0) | 0.045∗ | –0.2 (–0.6, 0.2) | 0.940 | –0.3 (–0.7, 0.1) | 0.074 | 0.361 | 0.254 |
| MUAC, cm | –0.5 (–0.8, –0.1) | 0.017∗ | –0.2 (–0.5, 0.2) | 0.952 | –0.2 (–0.5, 0.1) | 0.179 | 0.216 | 0.223 |
| WC, cm | –1.1 (–2.1, –0.2) | 0.037∗ | –0.7 (–1.7, 0.2) | 0.722 | –1.2 (–2.2, –0.2) | 0.011∗ | 0.817 | 0.293 |
| Fat mass, % | –0.9 (–1.4, –0.3) | 0.002∗ | –0.6 (–1.2, –0.0) | 0.332 | –1.1 (–1.6, –0.5) | <0.001∗ | 0.639 | 0.252 |
| SBP, mm Hg | –1 (–2, 0) | 0.355 | –0.9 (–2.2, 0.5) | 0.136 | –0.9 (–2.3, 0.5) | 0.181 | 0.645 | 0.666 |
| DBP, mm Hg | –1 (–2, –0) | 0.021∗ | –0.9 (–1.9, –0.0) | 0.060 | –1.0 (–2.0, –0.0) | 0.086 | 0.329 | 0.557 |
| Hb, g/L | –0.4 (–1.4, 0.7) | 0.470 | 0.0 (–0.1, 0.1) | 0.863 | 0.1 (–0.0, 0.2) | 0.100 | 0.167 | 0.516 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | –3 (–7, 0) | 0.079 | –3 (–6, 1) | 0.400 | –3 (–7, 0) | 0.208 | 0.738 | 0.571 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | –3 (–7, 0) | 0.087 | –1 (–5, 2) | 0.739 | –2 (–6, 1) | 0.278 | 0.475 | 0.345 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 1 (0, 2) | 0.032∗ | 1 (–0, 2) | 0.274 | 1 (0, 2) | 0.032∗ | 0.650 | 0.437 |
| TG, mg/dL | –10 (–19, –0) | 0.113 | –14 (–24, –5) | 0.078 | –14 (–24, –4) | 0.012∗ | 0.214 | 0.418 |
| FPG, mg/dL | –2 (–4, 1) | 0.743 | 2 (–1, 5) | 0.072 | –1 (–4, 2) | 0.272 | 0.439 | 0.207 |
| HbA1C, % | 0.0 (–0.2, 0.1) | 0.892 | 0.1 (–0.1, 0.2) | 0.227 | –0.1 (–0.2, 0.0) | 0.081 | 0.279 | 0.278 |
| Number of MetS components (range: 0-5) | –0.2 (–0.3, 0.0) | 0.063 | –0.1 (–0.3, –0.0) | 0.129 | –0.1 (–0.3, –0.0) | 0.012∗ | 0.584 | 0.599 |
| 24-h urinary sodium, mg | 69 (–69, 212) | 0.649 | –71 (–207, 71) | 0.289 | –106 (–253, 48) | 0.058 | 0.181 | 0.334 |
| 24-h urinary potassium, mg | 117 (62, 172) | <0.001∗ | 70 (12, 125) | 0.093 | 156 (101, 215) | <0.001∗ | 0.184 | 0.272 |
| Sodium screener score (range: 0–100) | –1.4 (–2.1, –0.7) | 0.001∗ | 0.5 (–0.2, 1.2) | 0.004∗ | –3.4 (–4.1, –2.7) | <0.001∗ | 0.031∗ | 0.041∗ |
| Binary outcomes (statistic: multivariable odds ratio, 95% CI) | ||||||||
| BMI ≥25 kg/m2 | 0.89 (0.75, 1.05) | 0.128 | 0.78 (0.65, 0.92) | 0.102 | 0.81 (0.68, 0.97) | 0.010∗ | 0.464 | 0.523 |
| High MUAC | 0.83 (0.7, 0.98) | 0.020∗ | 0.9 (0.76, 1.07) | 0.560 | 0.88 (0.73, 1.05) | 0.083 | 0.298 | 0.271 |
| Abdominal obesity | 0.8 (0.67, 0.94) | 0.009∗ | 0.8 (0.67, 0.96) | 0.246 | 0.8 (0.67, 0.96) | 0.004∗ | 0.775 | 0.327 |
| Waist-to-height ratio >0.5 | 0.80 (0.67, 0.96) | 0.008∗ | 0.84 (0.70, 1.01) | 0.419 | 0.78 (0.65, 0.94) | 0.007∗ | 0.352 | 0.655 |
| Hypertension | 0.87 (0.73, 1.03) | 0.154 | 0.85 (0.71, 1.01) | 0.085 | 0.96 (0.8, 1.15) | 0.575 | 0.278 | 0.613 |
| Anemia | 1.08 (0.88, 1.32) | 0.532 | 1.02 (0.82, 1.27) | 0.447 | 1 (0.8, 1.25) | 0.740 | 0.291 | 0.828 |
| Raised LDL cholesterol | 0.96 (0.81, 1.14) | 0.899 | 0.95 (0.79, 1.13) | 0.963 | 0.88 (0.73, 1.06) | 0.223 | 0.614 | 0.367 |
| Reduced HDL cholesterol | 0.93 (0.77, 1.11) | 0.419 | 0.98 (0.82, 1.17) | 0.920 | 0.89 (0.74, 1.08) | 0.218 | 0.352 | 0.815 |
| Raised TG | 0.94 (0.79, 1.12) | 0.886 | 0.88 (0.74, 1.05) | 0.219 | 0.82 (0.68, 0.99) | 0.019∗ | 0.398 | 0.177 |
| Raised FPG | 0.88 (0.74, 1.04) | 0.385 | 0.96 (0.81, 1.15) | 0.553 | 0.94 (0.78, 1.12) | 0.583 | 0.989 | 0.649 |
| Raised HbA1C | 0.93 (0.70, 1.22) | 0.680 | 1.06 (0.81, 1.39) | 0.352 | 0.95 (0.71, 1.26) | 0.862 | 0.337 | 0.762 |
| MetS | 0.92 (0.77, 1.1) | 0.755 | 0.8 (0.67, 0.95) | 0.061 | 0.8 (0.66, 0.96) | 0.013∗ | 0.200 | 0.278 |
Values presented as multivariable estimated marginal means or odds ratios (95% CI) associated with a 1-SD positive difference in metrics. Models adjusted for age, sex, education, physical activity, smoking, sleep quality, and study group (Mahidol staff compared with community sample). P-trend: multivariable P for linear trend across metric quintiles. P-diff: P for the difference in linear trends across metric quintiles from the Wald test. ∗ indicates P-trend or P-diff <0.05.
Abbreviations: AHEI, Alternative Healthy Eating Index; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; DPB, diastolic blood pressure; FFQ / -FFQ, food-frequency questionnaire; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GDQS, Global Diet Quality Score; Hb, hemoglobin; HbA1C, hemoglobin A1C; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MDDW, Minimum Dietary Diversity–Women; MetS, metabolic syndrome; MUAC, midupper arm circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; TG, triglyceride; WC, waist circumference.