Skip to main content
. 2023 Dec 20;13:22783. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-49518-y

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Assessments results and their interrelations. The altered areas or domains are highlighted using an exclamation sign. Statistically significant relations between the assessments are marked using red arrows. *Dysmorphic features evaluated were typical facial gestalt, lipodystrophy and inverted nipples. Student T test showed lower scores in different VABS-3 areas: communication skills (mean 70.2 vs. 43.2, p = 0.006), daily living skills (63.0 vs. 39.8, p = 0.007), and ABC score (75.1 vs. 48.7, p = 0.001). Individuals with inverted nipples showed lower scores in all the domains: ‘Communication’ (83.8 vs. 54.0, p = 0.004), ‘Daily living’ (75.6 vs. 48.4, p = 0.002), ‘Socialization’ (88.1 vs. 60.2, p = 0.006), and ‘ABC score’ (82.7 vs. 59.9, p = 0.009). Lipodystrophy associated lower scores in the four domains: ‘Communication’ (mean 88.4 vs. 54.8, p = 0.002), ‘Daily living’ (80.6 vs. 48.9, p = 0.001), ‘Socialization’ (88.9 vs. 62.0, p = 0.015), and ‘ABC score’ (86.0 vs. 60.6, p = 0.007). Regarding HoNOS tests, characteristic gestalt, inverted nipples, and lipodystrophy were, each statistically associated with pathological scores in ‘Physical illness’, and ‘Self-care’ item, both in children and adults. ANOVA test showed a significant relation between NPCRS severity categories and abnormal scores in VABS-3 domains: ‘Communication’, ‘Daily living’, ‘Socialization’, and ‘ABC score’. Chi square test showed statistically significant associations between NPCRS and the altered areas in the HoNOS tests. The absence of lipodystrophy was related to an increase in significant scores for ‘Withdrawn/depressed’ (p = 0.04) and also ‘Affective problems’ (p = 0.035) in the CBCL evaluation. There was a positive Spearman correlation between the higher ICARS results and the highest Parental Distress domain scores (r: 0.648, p = 0.031). Higher scores in the total stress scale on the PSI correlated with higher scores in four items on the HoNOSCA: ‘Disruptive, antisocial or aggressive behavior’ (r: 0.615, p = 0.003), ‘Non accidental self-injury’ (r: 0.624, p = 0.002), and ‘Emotional and related symptoms’ (r: 0.738, p = 0.000). There was a statistically positive association between significant scores in the Parent–Child Dysfunctional Interaction item and significant scores at the CBCL (‘Aggressive and rule-breaking behavior’ and ‘Oppositional and defiant disorder’) and a correlation between scores in ‘Difficult child’ and ‘Total stress’ and some CBCL scores, showing a Pearson’s r greater than 0.7 in all cases.