Table II.
Summary of the biological roles of FOXM1 in human prostate cancer.
| First author, year | Phenomenon | Effect | Possible molecular mechanism | Cell model | Animal model | (Refs.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tian, 2021 | Apoptosis | Inhibition | Increase in Bcl-2 and | 22Rv1, C4-2, | siFOXM1-expressing | (26) |
| RRM2 expression | DU145, DU145-DR, | PC3-DR- | ||||
| Xu, 2022 | LNCaP, PC3, PC3- | xenografted mouse | (27) | |||
| Yu, 2020 | DR, VCaP, VCaP- | (47) | ||||
| Yu, 2020 | DR | (48) | ||||
| Lin, 2020 | (49) | |||||
| Mazzu, 2019 | (50) | |||||
| Wu, 2018 | (54) | |||||
| Lin, 2020 | Autophagy | Activation | Increase in AMPK | PC3, PC3-DR, | / | (49) |
| activity; Decrease in | VCaP, VCaP-DR | |||||
| mTOR activity | ||||||
| Kalin, 2006 | Cell | Activation | Increase in AR, | 22Rv1, C4-2, | LNCaP-xenografted | (17) |
| Pan, 2018 | proliferation | EXO1,CDC6, | DU145, DU145-DR, | mouse; LNCaP-AI- | ||
| Mazzu, 2019 | and tumor | 11β-HSD2, | LNCaP, Myc-CaP, | xenografted mouse; | (21) | |
| Tian, 2021 | growth | KIF20A, RRM2, | PC3, TRAMP C2, | DU145-DR-xenografted | ||
| Xu, 2022 | cyclin A2, cyclin | VCaP, VCaP-DR | mouse; FOXM1- | (23) | ||
| Aytes, 2014 | B1, cyclin B2, | overexpressing PC3- | (26) | |||
| Cheng, 2014 | cyclin E1, cyclin D1, | xenografted mouse; | (27) | |||
| Lai, 2021 | Cdc25b and CDK1 | FOXM1-overexpressing | (28) | |||
| Yu, 2020 | expression | LADY mouse; FOXM1- | (30) | |||
| Yu, 2020 | overexpressing; TRAMP | |||||
| Mazzu, 2019 | mouse; FOXM1-deleted | (36) | ||||
| Kim, 2021 | TRAMP mouse; | (47) | ||||
| Wu, 2018 | shFOXM1-expressing | (48) | ||||
| Li, 2011 | DU145-xenografted | (50) | ||||
| Zhou, 2017 | mouse | (52) | ||||
| Cai, 2013 | (54) | |||||
| Liu, 2014 | (55) | |||||
| (56) | ||||||
| (58) | ||||||
| (59) | ||||||
| Wang, 2014 | Invasion and | Activation | Increase in EXO1, | 22Rv1, C4-2, | 22Rv1-xenografted | (19) |
| Pan, 2018 | metastasis | KIF20A, RRM2, | DU145, DU145-DR, | mouse; FOXM1- | (21) | |
| Tang, 2019 | vimentin, SLUG, | LNCaP, PC3, PC3- | overexpressing | (24) | ||
| LOX, VCAN, ZEB2 | ML, TRAMP C2, | TRAMP mouse; TRAMP | ||||
| and VEGF expression; | VCaP, VCaP-DR | FOXM1-deleted mouse | ||||
| Tian, 2021 | Decrease in | (26) | ||||
| Cheng, 2014 | E-cadherin expression | (30) | ||||
| Lin, 2016 | (34) | |||||
| Lynch, 2012 | (43) | |||||
| Yu, 2020 | (48) | |||||
| Mazzu, 2019 | (50) | |||||
| Kim, 2021 | (52) | |||||
| Li, 2011 | (55) | |||||
| Zhou, 2017 | (56) | |||||
| Cai, 2013 | (58) | |||||
| Qu, 2018 | (60) | |||||
| Yuan, 2018 | Drug | Activation | Increase in UHRF1 | DU145-DR, LNCaP- | siFOXM1-expressing | (29) |
| Lin, 2016 | resistance | and AR expression | ER, PC3-DR, VCaP- | PC3-DR-xenografted | (34) | |
| Gu, 2017 | DR | mouse | (38) | |||
| Liu, 2017 | (45) | |||||
| Yu, 2020 | (48) | |||||
| Lin, 2020 | (49) | |||||
| Yuan, 2018 | Cancer | Activation | Increase in ALDH1, | DU145, DU145-DR, | / | (29) |
| Koo, 2023 | stemness and | NANOG, SOX2 | PC3 | (30) | ||
| energy | and SHH expression; | |||||
| metabolism | Increase in HK2, PKM2, | |||||
| and LDHA expression |
DR, docetaxel-resistant; ER, enzalutamide resistance; AI, androgen-independent; FOX, forkhead box; RRM2, ribonucleotide reductase small subunit M2; EZH2, enhancer of zeste homolog 2; AMPK, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; AR, androgen receptor; EXO1, exonuclease 1; CDC6, cell division cycle 6; 11β-HSD2, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2; KIF20A, kinesin family member 20A; cdc25b, cell division cycle 25b; CDK1, cyclin dependent kinase 1; LOX, lysyl oxidase; VCAN, versican; ZEB2, zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 2; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; ALDH1, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1; SOX2, sex-determining region of Y-related high mobility group-box; SHH, sonic hedgehog; HK2, hexokinase 2; PKM2, pyruvate kinase M2; LDHA, lactate dehydrogenase A.