Table 1.
Characteristics of the eligible articles included in this meta-analysis.
| Study characteristics |
Sampling characteristics |
Detection method | Reference | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Country (region) | Sample type | OPs type | Sample size | Positive sample size | |||
| 1 | 2013 | China (Shaanxi) | spinach, cucumber, pepper, etc. | chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, omethoate, etc. | 505 | 52 | GC–FPD | (Wang et al., 2013) |
| 2 | 2023 | Ethiopia (Mettu) | tomato | profenofos | 50 | 5 | GC–MS | (Wondimu and Geletu, 2023) |
| 3 | 2016 | China (Changchun) | cucumber, pepper, eggplant, etc. | dichlorvos, omethoate, phorate, etc. | 2068 | 683 | GC–FPD | (Yu et al., 2016) |
| 4 | 2015 | China (Shandong) | cucumber | triazophos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, diazinon, etc. | 200 | 6 | ELISA | (Zhao et al., 2015) |
| 5 | 2022 | China (Jiangsu) | potato, garlic, spinach, etc. | phoxim | 18 | 18 | electrochemical sensors | (Su et al., 2022) |
| 6 | 2021 | Iran (Khuzestan, Kerman, Bushehr, etc.) | dates | chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, diazinon, etc. | 7560 | 7560 | GC–MS | (Taghizadeh et al., 2021) |
| 7 | 2019 | India (Nilgiris) | potato, cabbage, carrot, etc. | quinathion, chlorpyrifos, malathion, etc. | 3295 | 1415 | LC–MS/MS | (Narenderan et al., 2019) |
| 8 | 2016 | Ghana (Nkrankwanta, Diabaa, Krakrom, etc.) | cocoa bean | diazinon, chlorpyrifos, pirimphos-methyl | 96 | 62 | GC–PFPD | (Okoffo et al., 2016) |
| 9 | 2022 | Nigeria (Enugu and Lagos) | apple, carrot, cabbage, etc. | dimethoate, profenofos, malathion, etc. | 5700 | 5700 | GC–PFPD | (Omeje et al., 2022) |
| 10 | 2022 | The United Arab Emirates (Dubai) | apple, guava, mango, etc. | dimethoate, chlorpyrifos, profenofos, etc. | 13,484 | 13,479 | LC–MS/MS GC–MS/MS | (Osaili et al., 2022a) |
| 11 | 2022 | The United Arab Emirates (Dubai) | cucumber, gourd, okra, etc. | chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, profenofos, etc. | 24,098 | 24,098 | LC–MS/MS GC–MS/MS | (Osaili et al., 2022b) |
| 12 | 2016 | India (Lucknow) | cabbage, eggplant, banana, etc. | chlorpyrifos, malathion | 36 | 6 | GC–MS | (Rai et al., 2016) |
| 13 | 2014 | Thailand (Phayao) | springonion, garlic, onion, etc. | chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, malathion, etc. | 162 | 74 | GC–FPD | (Sapbamrer and Hongsibsong, 2014) |
| 14 | 2015 | Kazakhstan (Almaty) | cucumber, tomato | chlorpyrifos-ethyl, chlorpyrifos, triazophos, etc. | 115 | 7 | GC–NPD | (Lozowicka et al., 2015) |
| 15 | 2021 | China (Shaanxi) | spinach, cabbage | parathion, fenamiphos, triazophos, etc. | 21 | 21 | GC–FPD | (Li et al., 2021) |
| 16 | 2022 | China (Guangxi, Hunan, Hubei, etc.) | orange, kumquat, pummelo, etc. | chlorpyrifos, profenofos, triazophos, etc. | 4899 | 844 | LC–MS/MS GC–MS/MS | (Li et al., 2022) |
| 17 | 2019 | Iran (Tehran) | cucumber, tomato | chlorpyrifos, phosalone | 45 | 20 | GC–MS | (Hadian et al., 2019) |
| 18 | 2014 | Iran (Kerman) | cucumber | diazinon | 60 | 32 | GC–NPD | (Rohani et al., 2014) |
| 19 | 2013 | Ghana (Komenda Edina Eguafo Abrem) | okra | diazinon, chlorpyrifos, phorate, etc. | 6500 | 6500 | GC–MS | (Essumang et al., 2013) |
| 20 | 2023 | Turkey (Diyarbakır) | cucumber, tomato, pepper, etc. | chlorpyrifos, malathion | 50 | 8 | LC–MS/MS GC–MS/MS | (Elmastas et al., 2023) |
| 21 | 2020 | Chile (Metropolitana) | lettuce, tomato | methamidophos, chlorpyrifos | 160 | 160 | GC–NPD | (Elgueta et al., 2020) |
| 22 | 2020 | Trinidad and Tobago (Chaguanas) | pepper, lettuce, tomato | ethion, diazinon | 12 | 3 | GC–MS | (Collimore and Bent, 2020) |
| 23 | 2018 | Brazil (Fortaleza) | sapodilla fruit | chlorpyrifos | 13 | 5 | GC–MS | (Alcantara et al., 2018) |
| 24 | 2015 | Ghana (Kumasi) | eggplant, okra, tomato | chlorpyrifos, methidathion, diazinon, etc. | 320 | 320 | GC–PFPD | (Akoto et al., 2015) |