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. 2023 Nov 22;20:101014. doi: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.101014

Table 3.

Subgroup meta-analysis for the mean of estimated OPs levels (μg/kg) by fruit and vegetable species (based on top 10 OPs with the highest detection frequency).

OPs Fruits and vegetables species Total sample size Positive samples (Valid samples)a Mean, 95 % CI (μg/kg) Hetrogeneity I2(%) P from test of Heterogeneity Model Reference
Chlorpyrifos Fruits 4971 3587 (3150) 3.34, [3.11, 3.56] 99.6 0 Random (Taghizadeh et al., 2021)
(Narenderan et al., 2019)
(Osaili et al., 2022a)
(Rai et al., 2016)
(Li et al., 2022)
(Alcantara et al., 2018)
Fruit vegetables 2231 2142 (2115) 123.05, [101.19, 144.91] 99.9 0 Random (Narenderan et al., 2019)
(Osaili et al., 2022b)
(Sapbamrer and Hongsibsong, 2014)
(Lozowicka et al., 2015)
(Elmastas et al., 2023)
(Hadian et al., 2019)
(Akoto et al., 2015)
(Elgueta et al., 2020)
(Essumang et al., 2013)
Beans 461 377 (376) 19.98, [15.37, 24.60] 98.6 0 Random (Wang et al., 2013)
(Narenderan et al., 2019)
(Okoffo et al., 2016)
(Osaili et al., 2022b)
(Sapbamrer and Hongsibsong, 2014)
Chlorpyrifos Leafy vegetables 445 337 (142) 20.78, [16.59, 24.97] 99.7 0 Random (Wang et al., 2013)
(Narenderan et al., 2019)
(Osaili et al., 2022b)
(Rai et al., 2016)
(Sapbamrer and Hongsibsong, 2014)
(Elgueta et al., 2020)
Root vegetables 196 155 (155) 27.82, [13.23, 42.41] 99.9 0 Random (Narenderan et al., 2019)
(Sapbamrer and Hongsibsong, 2014)
Total 8304 6598 (5938) 14.43, [14.00, 14.85] 99.9 0 Random The above 16 studies
Profenofos Fruit vegetables 3174 3106 (2580) 60.57, [55.25, 65.89] 100 0 Random (Wondimu al., 2023)
(Omeje et al., 2022)
(Osaili et al., 2022b)
(Sapbamrer and Hongsibsong, 2014)
(Essumang et al., 2013)
(Akoto et al., 2015)
(Narenderan et al., 2019)
Fruits 2786 1169 (688) 32.48, [28.81, 36.15] 99.7 0 Random (Omeje et al., 2022)
(Osaili et al., 2022a)
(Mao et al., 2021)
(Narenderan et al., 2019)
Beans 610 550 (146) 92.71, [59.29, 126.13] 100 0 Random (Omeje et al., 2022)
(Osaili et al., 2022b)
(Narenderan et al., 2019)
Root vegetables 512 477 (202) 70.74, [60.67, 80.82] 100 0 Random (Omeje et al., 2022)
(Osaili et al., 2022b)
(Narenderan et al., 2019)
Profenofos Leafy vegetables 424 391 (297) 8.84, [6.30, 11.38] 99.4 0 Random (Omeje et al., 2022)
(Osaili et al., 2022b)
(Sapbamrer and Hongsibsong, 2014)
(Narenderan et al., 2019)
Total 7506 5693 (3913) 43.50, [41.99, 45.01] 100 0 Random The above 9 studies
Dimethoate Fruit vegetables 3486 3380 (2697) 65.65, [56.95, 74.34] 99.9 0 Random (Wang et al., 2013)
(Yu et al., 2016)
(Omeje et al., 2022)
(Osaili et al., 2022b)
(Lozowicka et al., 2015)
(Essumang et al., 2013)
(Akoto et al., 2015)
Fruits 2120 2120 (1609) 10.29, [9.95, 10.63] 98.6 0 Random (Omeje et al., 2022)
(Osaili et al., 2022a)
(Taghizadeh et al., 2021)
Beans 525 525 (386) 94.26, [6.07, 182.45] 99.3 0 Random (Omeje et al., 2022)
(Osaili et al., 2022b)
Leafy vegetables 260 219 (103) 28.42, [18.84, 38.00] 100 0 Random (Yu et al., 2016)
(Omeje et al., 2022)
(Osaili et al., 2022b)
(Wang et al., 2013)
Root vegetables 76 68 (8) N.C.b N.C. N.C. N.C. (Yu et al., 2016)
(Omeje et al., 2022)
Total 6467 6312 (4803) 22.26, [21.29, 23.22] 99.8 0 Random The above 9 studies
Methamidophos Fruit vegetables 3392 3306 (2550) 31.46, [23.87, 39.06] 99.9 0 Random (Yu et al., 2016)
(Osaili et al., 2022b)
(Elgueta et al., 2020)
(Essumang et al., 2013)
(Akoto et al., 2015)
Fruits 2188 2188 (1741) 20.24, [17.19, 23.30] 99.9 0 Random (Osaili et al., 2022a)
(Taghizadeh et al., 2021)
Leafy vegetables 355 310 (80) 299.48, [–55.92, 654.88] 100 0 Random (Yu et al., 2016)
(Osaili et al., 2022b)
(Elgueta et al., 2020)
Root vegetables 170 160 (6) N.C. N.C. N.C. N.C. (Yu et al., 2016)
(Osaili et al., 2022b)
Beans 0 0 (0) N.C. N.C. N.C. N.C. –
Total 6105 5964 (4377) 42.74, [13.25, 72.24] 100 0 Random The above 7 studies
Acephate Fruit vegetables 2873 2854 (2452) 103.00, [92.14, 113.85] 99.6 0 Random (Osaili et al., 2022b)
(Narenderan et al., 2019)
Fruits 2645 2409 (995) 62.32, [46.20, 78.44] 99.9 0 Random (Osaili et al., 2022a)
(Narenderan et al., 2019)
Root vegetables 397 303 (287) 6.42, [4.95, 7.88] 99.6 0 Random (Osaili et al., 2022b)
(Wang et al., 2013)
(Narenderan et al., 2019)
Leafy vegetables 237 197 (60) 23.51, [19.45, 27.57] 99.9 0 Random (Wang et al., 2013)
(Osaili et al., 2022b)
(Narenderan et al., 2019)
Beans 85 25 (25) 3.95, [3.72, 4.17] 53.6 0 Random (Narenderan et al., 2019)
Total 6237 5788 (3819) 19.86, [18.25, 21.47] 99.2 0 Random The above 4 studies
Triazophos Fruits 2248 699 (84) 5.84, [4.48, 7.19] 0 0.623 Fixed (Osaili et al., 2022a)
(Mao et al., 2021)
Fruit vegetables 2966 2860 (919) N.C. N.C. N.C. N.C. (Zhao et al., 2015)
(Osaili et al., 2022b)
(Lozowicka et al., 2015)
Root vegetables 139 139 (139) N.C. N.C. N.C. N.C. (Osaili et al., 2022b)
Beans 61 61 (0) N.C. N.C. N.C. N.C. (Osaili et al., 2022b)
Leafy vegetables 3 3 (3) N.C. N.C. N.C. N.C. (Li et al., 2021)
Total 5417 3762 (1145) 31.53, [23.06, 39.65] 98 0 Random The above 6 studies
Omethoate Fruit vegetables 2612 2517 (2312) 70.36, [60.72, 80.01] 99.8 0 Random (Wang et al., 2013)
(Yu et al., 2016)
(Osaili et al., 2022b)
Fruits 1721 1721 (1055) 60.85, [46.78, 74.93] 99.3 0 Random (Osaili et al., 2022a)
Beans 386 386 (386) 94.26, [6.07, 182.45] 97.6 0 Random (Osaili et al., 2022b)
Leafy vegetables 102 39 (37) 113.20, [88.91, 137.50] 100 0 Random (Wang et al., 2013)
(Yu et al., 2016)
(Sapbamrer and Hongsibsong, 2014)
Root vegetables 16 7 (7) N.C. N.C. N.C. N.C. (Yu et al., 2016)
Total 4837 4670 (3797) 71.59, [65.19, 78.00] 99.9 0 Random The above 5 studies
Diazinon Fruits 1317 1317 (1080) 2.38, [2.11, 2.66] 99.9 0 N.C. (Taghizadeh et al., 2021)
(Osaili et al., 2022a)
Fruit vegetables 736 638 (637) 30.73, [15.02, 46.44] 100 0 Random (Yu et al., 2016)
(Zhao et al., 2015)
(Rohani et al., 2014)
(Essumang et al., 2013)
Leafy vegetables 192 175 (70) 124.91, [16.91, 232.92] 100 0 Random (Yu et al., 2016)
(Osaili et al., 2022b)
(Sapbamrer and Hongsibsong, 2014)
Root vegetables 21 18 (18) 26.19, [–10.76, 63.14] 99.8 0 Random (Yu et al., 2016)
(Sapbamrer and Hongsibsong, 2014)
Beans 357 343 (0) N.C. N.C. N.C. N.C. (Okoffo et al., 2016)
(Osaili et al., 2022b)
Total 2623 2491 (1805) 26.86, [23.69, 30.03] 100 0 Random The above 9 studies
Fenitrothion Fruits 1140 1140 (1080) 1.42, [1.27, 1.56] 99.8 0 Random (Taghizadeh et al., 2021)
(Omeje et al., 2022)
Fruit vegetables 654 568 (566) 51.25, [9.99, 92.51] 100 0 Random (Yu et al., 2016)
(Omeje et al., 2022)
(Essumang et al., 2013)
Leafy vegetables 128 93 (93) 35.51, [13.96, 57.05] 100 0 Random (Yu et al., 2016)
(Omeje et al., 2022)
Root vegetables 79 65 (64) 54.59, [–43.27, 146.45] 100 0 Random (Yu et al., 2016)
(Omeje et al., 2022)
(Sapbamrer and Hongsibsong, 2014)
Beans 60 60 (0) N.C. N.C. N.C. N.C. (Omeje et al., 2022)
Total 2061 1926 (1803) 6.89, [6.57, 7.20] 99.9 0 Random The above 5 studies
Phorate Fruit vegetables 694 644 (584) 6.66, [3.23, 10.09] 99.9 0 Random (Yu et al., 2016)
(Omeje et al., 2022)
(Essumang et al., 2013)
(Akoto et al., 2015)
Root vegetables 296 229 (9) 292.25, [–262.03, 846.53] 99.9 0 Random (Wang et al., 2013)
(Yu et al., 2016)
(Omeje et al., 2022)
(Osaili et al., 2022b)
Leafy vegetables 144 111 (51) 12.40, [–3.02, 27.82] 100 0 Random (Wang et al., 2013)
(Yu et al., 2016)
(Omeje et al., 2022)
Fruits 648 648 (0) N.C. N.C. N.C. N.C. (Omeje et al., 2022)
(Osaili et al., 2022a)
Beans 60 60 (0) N.C. N.C. N.C. N.C. (Omeje et al., 2022)
Total 1842 1692 (644) 32.62, [25.73, 39.51] 100 0 Random The above 7 studies
a

Due to the reporting of a standard deviation of 0.00 for certain positive samples in some of the studies, which makes the meta-analysis of these samples becomes unfeasible. Therefore, the number of samples employed in the meta-analysis is designated as “valid samples”.

b

Due to the insufficient number of non-zero standard deviations (SDs) in specific subgroups, it was not possible to perform a meta-analysis. Consequently, these subgroups were represented by the abbreviation “N.C.” to indicate the inability to calculate.