Table 1.

Some health effects reported for CLA.

Health effect	Description	Reference
Anti-cancer properties	c9, t11 isomer is an effective isomer in creating this effect. A diet containing 0.1, 1 and 5.5 % of the mixture of CLA isomers can reduce the number of tumors by 32, 56 and 60 %, respectively.	(Caballero et al., 2021, Gnadig et al., 2003, Huang et al., 1994, Knekt et al., 1996, Zeng et al., 2020)
Reducing body fat	CLA, while increasing body mass (protein), reduces fat. The action mechanism is probably to increase fat lipolysis, and to reduce the accumulation of FAs in adipose tissue.	(DeLany et al., 1999, Ibrahim and El-Sayed, 2021, Koba and Yanagita, 2014, Lehnen et al., 2015; Park & Pariza, 2007)
Improving immune system function	Consumption of diets containing CLA can increase the body's immune factors (antibodies, white blood cells and the enzyme lysozyme). The c9, t11 and t10, c12 CLA isomers have different effects on immune function and the population of immunoglobulin subtypes.	(Aydin, 2005, O'Shea et al., 2004, Viladomiu et al., 2016, Zhang et al., 2005)
Inhibition of atherosclerosis	Increasing CLA in the diet could inhibit atherosclerosis and, in addition, severely regenerate clogged arteries.	(Kritchevsky, et al., 2004; S Toomey, Roche, Fitzgerald, & Belton, 2003; Toomey, Harhen, Roche, Fitzgerald, & Belton, 2006)
Bone health	The effective isomers are c9, t11 and t10, c12. CLA, along with dietary calcium, can prevent osteoporosis by affecting the hormonal and enzymatic systems associated with bone.	(Dilzer & Park, 2012; Park et al., 2013, Watkins et al., 2004)
Reduction of inflammation	CLA can reduce inflammation by affecting cells involved in the inflammatory process (such as T cells, macrophages, and monocytes).	(Ávila et al., 2020, Bassaganya-Riera and Hontecillas, 2010, Butz et al., 2007, Gebauer et al., 2015)
Decrease of LDL cholesterol and increase of blood HDL	Many studies have confirmed the effect of CLA on lowering LDL and increasing HDL, but some studies have reported the opposite, so the effect of CLA on blood cholesterol still needs to be studied.	(Brouwer et al., 2010, Derakhshande-Rishehri et al., 2015, Gebauer et al., 2015, LeDoux et al., 2007)
Increasing energy	CLA probably increases the energy available to the body by increasing oxidation in fats.	(Choi, Jung, Park, & Song, 2004)
Reducing blood platelet clotting	Although lab studies confirm the effect of CLA on reducing platelet clotting, human studies suggest that short-term use of CLA in humans is unlikely to produce this effect.	(Benito et al., 2001, Kung and Yang, 2006, Uniacke-Lowe and Fox, 2012)