Fig. 5.

Schematic depiction of applications of cartilaginous organoids. Organoid technology has provided a potential tool for high-throughput drug discovery and enables accurate toxicity testing and preclinical studies in cartilage. By using gene editing techniques such as CRISPR/Cas9, researchers could mimick human cartilage genetic diseases with the help of cartilaginous organoids and further investigate the underlying mechanism. Recent advances in cancer research within cartilaginous organoids are paving the way for promising organoid transplantation therapy in the future