Table 1.

Advantages and disadvantages of 3D compared to 2D models for nephrotoxicity testing

	2D culture	3D culture
Advantages	• Cost-effective • High-throughput • Accessibility • Short-term assay (2-week)	• Increased physiological relevance • Better recapitulation of tissue architecture, cell–cell communications • Bridge gaps between in vitro and in vivo •> 4-week assay
Disadvantages	• Lack of physiological relevance • Limited cell–cell interactions • Altered metabolism • Cell line dependency	• Technical complexity • Cost • Variability • Limited throughput