Table 3.

Comparison of human primary cells and cell lines

	Cell lines	Human primary cells	iPSC-derived cells
	HK-2, RPTEC/TERT1, LLC-PK1	Proximal tubular epithelial cells, Mixed renal tubule cells, Podocytes	All renal cell types
Advantages	• Reproducibility • Homogeneity • Availability	• High physiological relevance • Greater genetic diversity • Reduced culture artifacts • Improved translational potential	• Patient-specific models • Recapitulation of renal development • Cellular diversity • High-throughput screening
Disadvantages	• Lack of physiological relevance • Limited diversity • Genetic drift • Cell culture artifacts	• Limited availability • Limited lifespan • Heterogeneity • High cost	• Immaturity • Variability • Complexity

HK-2 human proximal tubule epithelial cells, RPTEC/TERT1 human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells/human telomerase reverse transcriptase, LLC-PK1 pig kidney epithelial cells