Table 4.

A list of commonly used drugs for nephrotoxicity testing

Drug	Class	Treatment	Targeted renal cells	Mechanism of renal injury/Outcomes	Doses	Refs.
Gentamicin	Aminoglycoside antibiotics	Bacterial infections	Proximal tubular cells	Acute tubular necrosis from direct cytotoxicity	100 mg/kg	[77, 78]
Vancomycin	Glycopeptide antibiotics	Bacterial infections	Proximal tubule cells	Acute tubular necrosis following oxidative stress and (most commonly) and tubular cast formation	200 mg/kg	[79–81]
Tenofovir	Antiretroviral drug	HIV/HBV infection	Renal tubule cells and glomerulus	Tubular dysfunction and mitTox	300 mg/kg	[82–84]
Amphotericin B	Antifungal medication		Distal tubule and smooth muscle cells	Membrane permeability and vaso-constriction	4 mg/kg	[85, 86]
Cisplatin	Chemotherapy	Various types of cancers	Renal proximal tubule	Inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, dna damage, & mitotox	20 mg/kg	[87, 88]
Methotrexate	Chemotherapy	Various types of cancers, autoimmune diseases	Proximal tubule	Apoptosis	20 mg/kg	[89–91]
Cyclosporine	Immunosuppressive drug	Prevent organ transplant rejection, autoimmune diseases	Proximal tubules	Oxidative stress, Tubular necrosis	25 mg/Kg	[92, 93]
Acetaminophen	Over-the-counter	Pain reliever and fever reducer	Proximal tubule	Acute tubular necrosis	500 mg/kg	[94, 95]
Ibuprofen	Over-the-counter NSAID	Relieve pain and inflammation	Tubular cell epithelial cell	Interstitial nephritis, transitional tubular necrosis	400 mg/kg	[96, 97]
Lithium	Anti-mania	Bipolar disorder	Distal tubule and proximal tubular	ROS formation, Lipid, per-oxidation, and antioxidant Mechanisms	50 mg/kg	[98, 99]

MitTox mitochondrial toxicity, NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ROS radical oxygen species