Table 2.

Preoperative comorbidities and perioperative characteristics

	Robot (n = 69)	Lap (n = 241)	Open (n = 191)	p value
Comorbidities
Hypertension	37.7 (26)a	30.7 (74)	37.7 (72)	0.26
COPDb	1.5 (1)	0.4 (1)	2.6 (5)	0.15
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus	1.5 (1)	0.4 (1)	1.6 (3)	0.72
Dialysis-dependent	1.5 (1)	0 (0)	1.6 (3)	0.15
Current tobacco use	23.2 (16)	18.3 (44)	28.3 (54)	0.05
Heart failure	0 (0)	0 (0)	0.5 (1)	0.44
Bleeding disorder	1.5 (1)	0.4 (1)	1.1 (2)	0.62
Ascites	0 (0)	0 (0)	2.6 (5)	0.02
Steroid use	2.9 (2)	0.8 (2)	1.6 (3)	0.42
Perioperative characteristics Concurrent operation	1.5 (1)	0.8 (2)	1.6 (3)	0.76
ASAc
Class I	13.0 (9)	17.4 (42)	16.2 (31)	0.003
Class II	72.5 (50)	67.2 (162)	55.0 (105)
Class III	14.5 (10)	15.4 (37)	26.2 (50)
Class IV	0 (0)	0 (0)	2.6 (5)

^aPercent (n), all such values

^bChronic obstructive pulmonary disease

^cAmerican Society of Anesthesiologists