Table 1.
A summary of the design of the included studies.
| Study | Design | Age Group | Country | Infection Type | Prescribed Antibiotic (% of Sample Total) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Van Hecke et al. (2019) [10] | Observational cohort | Children | UK | Respiratory (ARTI) |
Penicillin (76.7) (amoxicillin, co-amoxiclav) Penicillin V (12.0) Macrolides (10.1) |
| Redmond et al. (2018) [11] | Prospective cohort study | Children | UK | Respiratory (Acute cough and RTI) |
|
| Hay et al. (2016) [12] | Prognostic cohort study | Children | UK | Respiratory (Acute cough and RTI) |
|
| Mahon et al. (2016) [13] | Retrospective cohort | Children | New Zealand | Respiratory (Empyema and parapneumonic effusion) | |
| Crocker et al. (2012) [14] | Case-control study | Children | UK | Respiratory (Pneumonia) | |
| Ahmed et al. (2015) [15] | Cross-sectional | Children | USA | UTI | Ampicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone, Cefazolin, Ampicillin/sulbactam, Ceftazidime, Nitrofurantoin, Gentamycin, Levofloxacin, Tobramycin, Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole |
| Loffler et al. (2020) [16] | RCT-based database | Adults (18+) | Germany | Respiratory (ARTI) | |
| Little et al. (2014) [17] | Observational Study | Adults (16+) | UK | Respiratory (LRTI) | |
| Urrusuno et al. (2018) [18] | Cross-sectional | Adults (18+) | Spain | RTI and UTI | Amoxycillin/clavulanate, amoxycillin, cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin |
| Aryee et al. 2023 [19] | Retrospective cohort | Adults | UK | UTI | Nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim, fosfomycin, pivmecillinam |
| Jansåker et al. (2019) [20] | Retrospective cohort | Adults | Denmark | UTI (Complicated and uncomplicated) |
Pivmecillinam (68.7) |
| Sulfamethizole (22.8) | |||||
| Nitrofurantoin (2.9) | |||||
| Ciprofloxacin (2.3) | |||||
| Trimethoprim (2.1) | |||||
| Aminopenicillins (1.2) | |||||
| Costelloe et al. (2014) [21] | Retrospective cohort | Adults | UK | UTI | Trimethoprim (20) |
| Nitrofurantoin (18) | |||||
| Amoxicillin (13) | |||||
| Ciprofloxacin (11) | |||||
| Co-amoxiclav (10) | |||||
| Erythromycin (10) | |||||
| Flucloxacillin (8) | |||||
| Clarithromycin (3) | |||||
| Other (7) | |||||
| Balinskaite et al. (2019) [22] | Retrospective cohort | Adults | UK | Various | |
| Millett et al. (2015) [23] | Cohort study | Older adults | UK | Respiratory (Pneumonia) |
|
| Shallcross et al. (2020) [24] | Retrospective cohort | Older adults | UK | UTI | |
| Gharbi et al. (2019) [25] | Retrospective cohort | Older adults | UK | UTI | Trimethoprim (54.7) |
| Nitrofurantoin (19.1) | |||||
| Cephalosporins 911.5) | |||||
| Amoxicillin (9.5) | |||||
| Quinolones (4.4) | |||||
| Pivmecillinam (0.4) | |||||
| Ahmed et al. (2018) [26] | Retrospective cohort | Older adults | UK | UTI | Trimethoprim (60.6) |
| Nitrofurantoin (20.7) | |||||
| Cefalexin (6.2) | |||||
| Amoxicillin (4.5) | |||||
| Co-amoxiclav (4.5) | |||||
| Ciprofloxacin (3.2) | |||||
| Van Staa et al. (2021) [27] | Cohort study | All | UK | Respiratory (UTRI) |
Amoxicillin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, erythromycin, phenoxymethylpenicillin |
| Winchester et al. (2009) [28] | Observational study | All | UK | Respiratory (LRTI) | Penicillins (72.8) |
| Macrolides (15.5) | |||||
| Meropol et al. (2013) [29] | Retrospective cohort | All | UK | Respiratory (Acute nonspecific respiratory infections) |
Penicillins (68) |
| Macrolides (13) | |||||
| Cephalosporins, cephamycins, and other β-lactams (7) | |||||
| Tetracyclines (7) | |||||
| Sulphonamides and | |||||
| trimethoprim (3) | |||||
| Quinolones (1) | |||||
| Mistry et al. (2020) [30] | Retrospective cohort | All | UK | URTI, LRTI, or UTI | |
| Van Bodegraven et al. (2021) [31] | Retrospective cohort study | All | UK | Various | |
| Van Staa et al. (2020) [32] | Cohort study | All | UK | Multiple | Amoxicillin (35.1–52.5) |
| Phenoxymethylpenicillin (4.1–15.0) | |||||
| Trimethoprim (9.8–11.6) | |||||
| Erythromycin (7.0–9.0) | |||||
| Clarithromycin (4.0–7.5) | |||||
| Cefalexin (3.3–9.0) | |||||
| Doxycycline (2.4–5.5) | |||||
| Nitrofurantoin (1.6–6.8) | |||||
| Flucloxacillin (1.5–1.9) | |||||
| Ciprofloxacin (1.0–5.7) | |||||
| Cefaclor (0.5–1.3) |
Note: RTI = respiratory tract infection, UTI = urinary tract infection, ARTI = acute respiratory tract infection, LRTI = lower respiratory tract infection, UTRI = upper respiratory tract infection.