Table A1.
Descriptive statistics of the patients used for model development and internal validation. Values are presented as number (%) of patients or the median (IQR). Only when data is missing the number of patients included in the analysis is mentioned (N = X). Body mass index (BMI), Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (SOFA), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation score (APACHE IV), day of start antibiotic therapy on the ICU (d0), white blood cells (WBC), C reactive protein (CRP), intensive care unit (ICU), the assumed average maintenance dose per day for a drug used for its main indication in adults (defined daily dosage), and dose of antibiotic divided by the defined daily dosage (normalised dosing).
| Variables | Target Attainment (N = 261) |
Target Non-Attainment (N = 115) |
Overall (N = 376) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 65.0 [58.0, 72.0] | 61.0 [50.5, 67.0] | 64.0 [56.0, 71.0] |
| Height (cm) | 173 [165, 180] | 176 [170, 183] | 175 [167, 182] |
| Actual body weight (kg) | 80.0 [68.0, 92.0] | 80.0 [70.0, 90.0] | 80.0 [69.9, 90.0] |
| Sex (male) | 155 (59.4) | 77 (67.0) | 232 (61.7) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.0 [23.2, 29.7] | 25.3 [22.4, 29.0] | 25.8 [22.9, 29.3] |
| SOFA Score d0 | 9.00 [5.00, 12.0] (N = 260) |
7.00 [4.00, 9.00] | 8.00 [5.00, 11.0] (N = 375) |
| APACHE IV Score | 59.0 [26.0, 81.5] (N = 260) |
33.0 [21.5, 61.0] | 50.0 [24.0, 78.0] (N = 375) |
| Sepsis (No) | 126 (48.3) | 86 (74.8) | 212 (56.4) |
| Cardiac Surgery (No) | 253 (96.9) (N = 256) |
114 (99.1) (N = 114) |
367 (97.6) (N = 370) |
| Trauma (No) | 243 (93.1) (N = 256) |
101 (87.8) (N = 114) |
344 (91.5) (N = 370) |
| Study antibiotic | |||
| Amoxicillin | 7 (2.7) | 8 (7.0) | 15 (4.0) |
| Cefotaxime | 40 (15.3) | 37 (32.2) | 77 (20.5) |
| Ceftazidime | 14 (5.4) | 1 (0.9) | 15 (4.0) |
| Ceftriaxone | 100 (38.3) | 12 (10.4) | 112 (29.8) |
| Cefuroxime | 47 (18.0) | 25 (21.7) | 72 (19.1) |
| Flucloxacillin | 6 (2.3) | 11 (9.6) | 17 (4.5) |
| Meropenem | 40 (15.3) | 14 (12.2) | 54 (14.4) |
| Piperacillin/tazobactam | 7 (2.7) | 7 (6.1) | 14 (3.7) |
| Serum creatinine d0 (mg/dL) | 1.24 [0.769, 1.87] | 0.735 [0.577, 1.07] | 0.995 [0.690, 1.56] |
| Urea d0 (mmol/L) | 10.7 [6.80, 16.8] (N = 253) |
7.20 [4.90, 9.93] (N = 112) |
9.00 [6.40, 14.7] (N = 365) |
| CRP d0 (mg/L) | 151 [51.5, 260] (N = 256) |
119 [28.0, 188] (N = 111) |
136 [44.5, 251] (N = 367) |
| WBC d0 (/L) | 13.1 [8.18, 17.6] (N = 260) |
13.5 [9.60, 18.2] (N = 113) |
13.2 [8.40, 17.9] (N = 373) |
| Albumin (g/L) | 27.0 [21.0, 32.0] (N = 239) |
30.0 [24.5, 35.0] (N = 107) |
28.0 [22.0, 33.0] (N = 346) |
| Number of ICU days before start of the antibiotic | 2.00 [2.00, 4.00] | 2.00 [2.00, 5.00] | 2.00 [2.00, 4.00] |
| Fluid balance d0 | 1390 [111, 3050] (N = 260) |
873 [191, 1960] (N = 112) |
1240 [139, 2780] (N = 372) |
| Defined daily dosage | 1.00 [1.00, 1.50] (N = 260) |
1.00 [1.00, 1.50] |
1.00 [1.00, 1.50] (N = 375) |
| Normalized dosing | 1.00 [1.00, 1.50] | 1.00 [1.00, 1.50] | 1.00 [1.00, 1.50] |