Table 2.

Major interleukins and function in IBD.

Interleukin	Th Subset	Function in IBD	Therapeutics
IL-1	Th	Mediator of inflammation and tissue damage	Canakinumab (anti IL-1β)
IL-17	Th17	T-cell activation to neutrophil mobilization and activation	Secukinumab, Ixekizumab, Brodalizumab
IL-18	Th17, Tregs	Intraepithelial cells proliferation, tissue regeneration, production of proinflammatory cytokines	-
IL-33	Tregs	Type 2 immune response, intraepithelial cells differentiation, intestinal inflammation	Tozarakimab
IL-4	Th2	Induces IgE class-switch recombination in B cells; induces Th2 differentiation and IL-13 expression	Pasolizumab (anti IL-4), Altrakincept (soluble Il-4R)
IL-6	Th17	IEC proliferation and repair, crypt homeostasis	Olamkicept
IL-10	Tregs	Inhibits proinflammatory cytokine expression by innate/adaptive immune cells; STAT3-dependent signaling	Recombinant IL-10
IL-11	Macrophages	Activation of JAK/STAT signaling, tumor cell survival	-
IL-13	Th 2	Impairs epithelial barrier function; promotes mucosal fibrosis via induction of TGFβ1 expression	Anrukizumab, Lebrikizumab, Tralokizumab
IL-22	Th17, Th 22	Enforces epithelial barrier function; stimulates expression of antimicrobial peptides, defensins	Fezankizumab
IL-9	Th9	Impairs mucosal wound healing; regulates epithelial cell proliferation, barrier function	Enokizumab

Adapted from [129].