Figure 4.

Antibacterial effects of a-PDT (rose bengal (RB) plus yellow-green light-emitting diode (LED) (YGL)) on Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg). Pg suspension was mixed with RB and irradiated with YGL or BL for 20 s (8.56 J/cm²) in vitro. (a) Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (a-PDT) treatment employing RB + YGL significantly decreased viable bacteria as compared to RB + BL. (b) Morphological change in Pg was noticeable after a-PDT treatment (RB and YGL). (c) After the treatment with RB + BL, the Pg growth was inhibited temporarily and then increased to a plateau. In contrast, a dramatic reduction in Pg growth rate in the RB + YGL group was observed up to 6 h, finally reaching the lowest plateau. * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001. Figure from Kitanaka, Y et al. The effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy using yellow-green LED and rose bengal on Porphyromonas gingivalis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020, 32, 102033. © Copyright (2020) Elsevier. DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102033 [80].