Table 1.
HN and HN analogues with neuroprotective/cytoprotective action.
| Code Name | Primary Structure | Evaluation in In Vitro/In Vivo Experimental Models |
Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| HN | MAPRGFSCLLLLTSEIDLPVKRRA | +/+ | [1,2,3] |
| HNG | MAPRGFSCLLLLTGEIDLPVKRRA | +/+ | [1,2,3] |
| HN-D-Ser14 | MAPRGFSCLLLLTsEIDLPVKRRA | +/− | [21] |
| HNGF6A | MAPRGASCLLLLTGEIDLPVKRRA | +/− | [26] |
| AGA-(C8R)HNG17 | PAGASRLLLLTGEIDLP | +/+ | [23] |
| CL | SALLRSIPAPAGASRLLLLTGEIDLP | +/+ | [23] |
| des-Leu-CL | SALLRSIPAPAGASRLLL_TGEIDLP | −/+ | [30] |
| tHN-C3 | Hph-1 &-KKRLGLPGDEVDMAPRGFSCLLLLTSEIDLPVKRRA | +/+ | [34] |
| HUJInin | YNAPVSIPQPAGASRLLLLTGEIDLP | +/− | [35] |
| c[D-Ser14-HN] | c *(MAPAGASRLLLLTsEIDLPVKRRA) | +/− | [35] |
| HNSS | R(d)-Dmt #-KFGG-MAPRGFSCLLLLTGEIDLPVKRRA | +/+ | [36] |
* c: cyclic; # Dtm: 2′,6′-dimethyl tyrosine; & Hph-1: human transcription factor containing protein transduction domain (PTD)/cell penetrating peptide (CPP) sequences. All amino acid sequences are presented following the one-letter code. The amino acids that differ between parent HN and each HN analogue appear in red color and bold. Amino acid sequences that are irrelevant to HN appear with a gray background. According to the references shown in the table, HN/HN analogues have been evaluated in in vitro (+/−) or in in vivo (−/+) experimental models, or in both (+/+); moreover, all HN analogues have been prepared with peptide synthesis, except for HNSS which is reported as “commercially available” and tHN-C3, which has been prepared with molecular biology techniques as a fusion peptide.