Table 2.

Examples of biological effects of anthropogenic and laboratory-generated ELF-MFs.

No	Object (Species)	Characteristics	Effect, %	f, Hz	Induction		Duration	n	Statistic	Installation Type	Installation Size	Verification	JSR	Refs.
					b (TVMF)	B (SMF)
1	Human cord blood lymphocytes	Viability	−15% −20% −26%	7.8 — —	6, 17, 24 μT	4.1 µT — —	72 h — —	6 — —	One-way ANOVA, post hoc Fisher LSD	System of perpendicular coils (2 axes)	10 × 10 cm	Magnetometer, 3D-map variation <5% The external field was reduced by a μ-metal chamber to 3.7 μT.	0.42	[124]
2	Human pluripotent cell line iPS (7F3955- pMXs#1)	Proportion of CD34 + CD38—cells (differentiated)	N/A N/A N/A N/A	50 — — —	0 100 200 300 mT	4.1 µT — — —	7 day — — —	5 — — —	One-way ANOVA, post hoc Fisher LSD	Helmholtz coils (1 axis)	Ø 20 cm	Magnetometer, one point, variation <5%. The external field was reduced by a μ-metal chamber to 3.7 μT.	0.42	[172]
3	Fire ants Solenopsis sp. Imago	Time to escape the trap	−20% +30% −50%	60 — —	21 40 57	26 29 26	200 s — —	30 — —	Rayleigh test, Watson U2 test	Helmholtz coils (1 axis)	18 × 18 cm	Magnetometer, time profile of ELF-MF was shown GMF 21 μT	0.3	[133]
		Proportion of insects moving along the line GMF	−8% −8%	— —	57 40 μT	10 26 μT	— —	— —
4	Planaria Girardia tigrina Asexual laboratory race, length 7–8 mm	Regeneration index (amputation of 1/5 body part)	+20% +30% +15% +2% +28% +2% +12% +0% +11% −18%	60 — — — — — — — — —	29 55 88 105 164 227 265 311 361 412	42 μT — — — — — — — — —	3 days — — — — — — — — —	30 — — — — — — — — —	Student’s t-test	Helmholtz coils	Ø 30 cm	Magnetometer, one point, TVMF ambient 50 Hz 5 nT	0.18	[148]
	Flax Linum bienne upper segments of stems without leaves 2.5 cm long	Deviation of the apical end of a segment from the horizontal plane (gravitropism)	+3.5% +2% +3% +2%	— — — —	55 105 164 227 μT	— — — —	2 h — — —	20 — — —
5	Planaria Schmidtea mediterranea, Asexual laboratory race, length 10 mm	Rate of growth of the planarian head blastema	−10% −24% +3% +25% +5%	13 16 27 30 33	74 μT — — — —	41 μT — — — —	24 h — — — —	5 — — — —	ANOVA	Helmholtz coils	Ø 30 cm	Magnetometer, one point, TVMF ambient 50 Hz <6 nT	0.79	[54]
6	Cows Bos taurus Males and females, adults	Orientation in space in the north-south direction (Satellite observation, image analysis)	−99%	50- 60	5–15 μT	~40 μT 1	24 h	1699	Rayleigh test, Watson–Williams F test, Mardia–Watson–Wheeler test	High-voltage power lines	50 × 150 cm	Not applicable	4.03	[64]
	Roe deer Capreolus capreolus Males and females, adults		−99%	—	—	—	—	653
7	Honey bee Apis cerana Larvae (2 days)	Survival	−60%	50	3 mT	~50 µT	20 days	72	Duncan’s post hoc test, Dunnett’s post hoc test, Log-rank (Mantel–Cox) test	Commercially available ELF-EMF generator (Litian magnetic and electric Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Mianyang, China)	15 × 10 × 10 cm	ELF-FM ≫ GMF	0.68	[154]
		Body mass	−10%	—	—	—	—	—
		Duration of development	+5%	—	—	—	—	—
		Gene expression: increasing	+153 genes	—	—	—	—	—
		decreasing	−269 genes	—	—	—	—	—
8	Human Adults, healthy, 26.1 ± 5.5 years, body mass index 23.9 ± 3.9 kg/m2, heart rate 80.4 ± 5.4 beats/min Systolic pressure 114.5 ± 9.1 mmHg Diastolic pressure 72.0 ± 8.1 mmHg.	The rate of blood movement through the capillaries	+30%	7 × 10−5	205 nT —	49 µT —	18–24 h —	8 —	F test (CBV and BP), factorial ANOVA (RR intervals)	Helmholtz coils (3 axes) imitation of a magnetic storm k = 7	2.5 × 2.5 × 2.5 m	Magnetometer, one point, variation <0.03%. Noise and GMF were compensated	0.65	[28,71]
		Systolic pressure	N/A	—	—	—	—	—
		Heart rate variability: HF LF VLF	+25% +25% +25%	— — —	— — —	— — —	— — —	— — —
		Correlation between changes in parameters of the cardiovascular system (HRV, capillary blood flow velocity) and characteristics of TVMF (Bx, By)	<0.05	—	—	—	—	—
9	Human Adults, healthy, 26.1 ± 5.5 years, body mass index 23.9 ± 3.9 kg/m2	Heart rate variability: LF (tilt 9.6°) HF (horizontal position)	−20% +40%	7 × 10−5	205 nT —	49 µT —	5–24 h —	8 —	Factorial ANOVA	Helmholtz coils (3 axes) imitation of a magnetic storm k = 7 and microgravity	2.5 × 2.5 × 2.5 m	Magnetometer, one point, variation <0.03%. Noise and GMF were compensated	1.03	[58]
10	Human leukemia cells K562	HSP70 protein concentration	+100% +50%	50 —	25 100 μT	41.8 μT —	1 h —	3 —	Non-parametric Chi-square test, Kruskal–Wallis test, ANOVA, Dunnett’s post hoc test	Helmholtz coils	-	Magnetometer, one point, variation <0.5 μT	0.45	[219]
11	Mice Males and females, 10 and 15 days, respectively	Protein expression: c-Jun c-Fos (markers of neuronal differentiation)	−15% N/A	50 —	2 mT —	40 μT —	4 days —	3 —	Student’s t-test	Solenoid	-	Temperature variation <0.1 °C	0.4	[186]
12	Escherichia coli strains K12 AB1157 K12 EMG2 K12 GE499 K12 GE500 Human lymphocytes (men, ~30 years old, non-smokers)	Chromatin conformation measured by anomalous viscosity time dependencies (AVTD):	+25% +20% +5% +30% N/A −20% −20% N/A N/A N/A N/A −10%	9 12 16 18 25 60 9 12 16 18 25 60	30 μT — — — — — — — — — — —	43 μT — — — — — — — — — — —	15 h — — — — — — — — — — —	8 — — — — — — — — — — —	Student’s t-test	Helmholtz coils	-	Magnetometer, one point, variation, temperature variation <0.1 °C, GMF 43 μT (collinear) 19 μT (perpendicular)	0.86	[187]
13	Human breast cancer cells MCF-7	Cell survival	N/A	50	500 μT	37 μT	30 min	8	ANOVA, Bonferroni post hoc test	Solenoids system	44 × 14 cm	Magnetometer, one point	0.4	[189]
		Expression of genes of the antioxidant system: SOD2	−40%	50	250 μT	—	30 min	—
		MSGT3	+36% +20%	— —	— —	— —	15 min 5 min	— —
		GSTO1	−40% −14% −23%	— — —	— — —	— — —	5 min 15 min 30 min	— — —
		GSTM3	−31% −33% +33%	— — —	— — —	— — —	5 min 15 min 30 min	— — —
		MGST1	+36% −37%	— —	— —	— —	30 min 15 min	— —
14	Gallus gallus spp. domesticus chicks 5 days after hatching	Release of Ca2+ from brain tissue	+13%	315	61 nT	38 μT	20 min	32	One-way ANOVA	Helmholtz coils (1 axis)	Ø 47 cm	Magnetometer, one point, GMF ~38 μT	0.42	[166]
15	Gallus gallus spp. domesticus chicks 5 days after hatching	Release of Ca2+ from brain tissue	+11% +13% +14% +11% +18% +14% +15% +9% +14%	45 50 60 15 45 60 75 90 105	61 nT — — 61 nT — — — — —	38 μT	20 min — — 20 min — — — — —	32	Two-way ANOVA	Helmholtz coils (1 axis)	Ø 47 cm	Magnetometer, one point, GMF ~38 μT	0.42	[167]
16	Neuronal cell line PC-12	Neurite growth rate	−5% −25% −75% −75% −40% −20%	45 — — — — —	7.0 14, 20 25 37 46 μT	36.6 μT — — — — —	23 h — — — — —	3 — — — — —	Bessel function	Helmholtz coils (2 axes)	Ø 20 cm	Magnetometer, one point, variation SMF <0.2 μT. Ambient TVFM 60 Hz, <0.9 μT	0.42	[168]
17	Neuronal cell line PC-12	Percentage of cells with neurites	+20% −30% −60%	45 — —	20 ↔ 30 ↔↕ 30 ↕ μT	36.6 μT — —	23 h — —	3 — —	Student’s t-test	Helmholtz coils (2 axes)	Ø 20 cm	Magnetometer, one point, variation SMF <0.2 μT. Ambient AFM 60 Hz, <0.9 μT	0.79	[169]
18	Neuronal cell line PC-12	Percentage of cells with neurites (double-blind experiment)	−70%	45	23.8 μT	36.6 μT	23 h	3	Double-blind test, binomial test	Helmholtz coils (2 axes)	Ø 20 cm	TVMF 50 Hz <0.08 μT SMF <0.36 μT. The external field was reduced by a μ-metal chamber	0.42	[170]
19	Gallus gallus spp. domesticus chicks 5 days after hatching	Release of Ca2+ from brain tissue	+12% +13% +15% +14% +12% +11%	16 — — — — —	1.75 3.85 5.57 6.82 7.65 7.77 μT	<0.1 μT	20 min	32	Two-way ANOVA	Helmholtz coils (1 axis)	Ø 47 cm	Magnetometer, one point GMF 38 μT	0.42	[165]
20	Rabbit kidney Na/K-ATPase Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus	Enzyme activity	+10%	60	310 нT	<0.1 μT	15 min	3	Enzyme kinetics analysis methods	Specially designed and verified installation	-	Magnetometer, 3D map, variation < 3% MF in the thermostat < 0.1 μT	0.72	[190]
21	Cytochrome oxidase, rat liver of Rattus norvegicus Sprague–Dawley	Enzyme activity	+5% +15% +20% +40%	60 — — —	2 5 7 10 мкT	<0.1 μT — — —	8 min — — —	3 — — —	Enzyme kinetics analysis methods	Specially designed and verified installation	-	Magnetometer, background MF < 0.1 μT	0.72	[191]
22	Fibroblast line L929	Ornithine carboxylase activity	+40% +80% +80% +110% +80% +100%	60 — — — — —	4 5 6 8 9 20 μT	0 μT — — — — —	4 h — — — — —	5–10 — — — — —	Two-tailed Student’s t-test	Helmholtz coils	Ø 10.5 cm	Magnetometer, one point, variation <15%	0.72	[192]
23	Belousov–Zhabotinski (BZ) reaction Starting frequency 0.03	Frequency of cycles of changes in the redox potential Fe2+/Fe3+ at a temperature of 15–19 °C	+5%	60	28 μT	0.1 μT	20 min	8	Regression analysis methods	Helmholtz coils	13 × 14 cm	Magnetometer, one point, SMF variation < 0.1 μT. GMF shielded with μ-metal	0.78	[212]
24	Hela cell line after heating 43 °C for 20 min	SHP70 expression	+15% +60%	60 —	8 80 μT	20 μT —	20 min —	3 —	Tukey test, normality Kolmogorov–Smirnov test	Solenoid	5.27 × 25.0 cm	Magnetometer, one point. GMF 20 μT	0.88	[220]
25	Endothelial cells: SPAE	Inducible (heating 44 °C 30 min) HSP70 protein level	N/A +46% +45% +71% +78% +79%	50 — — — — —	150 300 680 μT — — —	12 μT	24 h — 8 16 24 48	3	Student’s t-test	Solenoid	Not discribed	1–12 μT (without experiment) 2–16 μT (during experiments) Magnetometer, 3D map, accuracy < 2 μT	0.79	[221]
	HUVECs		+40%	—	—	—	24 h	—
	Human leukemia and lymphoma cells: CEM		+60%	—	—	—	—	—
	HL-60		+65%	—	—	—	—	—
	U937		+61%	—	—	—	—	—
26	Human promyelocytic lineage cells HL-60 (lymphoblasts)	Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) activity	+150%	60	8 μT	<0.1 μT	20 min	3	Student’s t-test	Helmholtz coils (1 axis) in a μ-metal container	13 × 14 cm	Magnetometer, one point, SMF variation <0.1 μT. GMF shielded with μ-metal (90 times reduction)	0.78	[193]
		HSP70 mRNA expression	+80%	—	—	—	—	—
		HSP70 protein concentration	+210%	—	—	—	—	—
27	Chicken Gallus gallus spp. domesticus White Leghorn, fertilized eggs	Embryo survival after 1 h of hypoxia	N/A +100% +200% +200% N/A +50% +100% +150%	60 — — — — — — —	2↕ 4 8 10 μT 2↔ 4 8 10 μT	40–50 μT — — — — — — —	20 min — — — — — — —	40 — — — — — — —	x2 analysis	Helmholtz coils (1 axis)	Ø 2 m	Magnetometer, one point, SMF <0.5 μT. GMF 40–50 μT	0.72	[155]
28	Human breast cancer cell line MCF-7	Melatonin-induced proliferation inhibition 10−9 M	100% 100%	60 —	0.2 1.2 μT	0 μT	7 days —	5	ANOVA	Merritt’s coils (2 axis)	16 × 16 × 16 cm	Magnetometer, one point, variation, SMF <5%, GMF and 60 Hz, 1.4 μT, TVMF <2%	2.16	[184]
29	Children, boys and girls, healthy or with leukemia	Risk of developing leukemia	×1.27–3.13	50– 60	≥0.4 μT	~45 μT	>1 year	10,338 3203	x2 analysis	Meta-analysis of the assessment of the magnetic situation in cities	Not applicable	Not applicable	2.78	[70]
30	Children, boys and girls, healthy or with leukemia	Risk of developing leukemia	×1.2–2.13	50– 60	≥0.3 μT	35–45 μT	>1 year	meta-analysis	Inverse-variance weighted (Woolf), Mantel–Haenszel, and maximum-likelihood (ML) tabular methods, and using ML logistic regression	Meta-analysis of the assessment of the magnetic situation in cities	Not applicable	Not applicable	1.96	[69]
31	Chinese hamster lung cells (CHL)	Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) clustering, qualitatively: sinusoidal field, sine + noise	++ +	50 —	400 μT —	18.5 μT —	30 min —	3	ANOVA and least significant difference (LSD) test	Helmholtz coils (3 axes)	Ø 36 cm	Magnetometer, oscilloscope SMF <18.5 μT TVMF 50 Hz, <1–2 μT	0.62	[174]
		Phosphorylation of signaling protein Ras: sinusoidal field sine + noise	+90% +5%	— —	— —	— —	— —	— —
32	Diatom Amphora coffeaeformis	Mobility at a frequency of 16 Hz at different Ca2+ concentrations: 0.1 мM 0.25 мM 0.5 мM	+200% +900% +300%	16 16 16	20.9 μT — —	52 μT — —	2 days — —	12 — —	x2 analysis and ANOVA	Helmholtz coils (3 axes)	Ø 23 cm	Magnetometer, one point, variation <30 nT. GMF 52 μT TVMF ambient 60 Hz, <0.1 μT	0.42	[149]
		Mobility at Ca2+ concentration 0.25 mM and frequencies	+200% +500% +600% N/A	14 16 18 32	— — — —	— — — —	— — — —	— — — —
33	Human bone marrow cell line TE-85	Ca2+ release	+120%	16.3	40 μT	20 μT	35 min	6	Student’s t-test	Helmholtz coils (3 axes)	Ø 30 cm	Magnetometer, one point. GMF 40 μT	0.97	[171]
34	Rats Wistar, males, adult	Concentration of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin in urine at night	+15%	50	100 μT	1 μT	24 h	5	Student’s t-test	Helmholtz coils (1 axis)	Ø 42 cm	Magnetometer, one point	0.42	[195]
35	Rats Wistar, males, adult	Serotonin-N-acetyltransferase activity	−10%	50	1 mT	38 μT	1 h	48	ANOVA followed by the Student–Newman–Keuls test	Solenoid (1 axis)	20 × 20 cm	Magnetometer, one point	0.4	[199]
36	Rats Wistar–King, males 11–18 weeks, 300–370 g.	Melatonin concentration at midnight in the pineal gland	20% −40%	50 —	5 250	26 μT —	6 weeks	400 —	Student’s t-test	Helmholtz coils	-	Magnetometer, one point, variation, TVMF 50 Hz <16 nT SMF <2% GMF 40 μT (total) 26 μT (horizontal)	0.42	[196]
		Melatonin concentration at midnight in the blood plasma	−20% −25%	— —	5 250 μT	— —	— —	— —
37	Human Men and women (21–35 years old)	Systolic pressure	+5%	0.0016	50 nT	40 nT	24 h	3	Student’s t-test at a significance level of 0.001	Helmholtz coils (magnetic storm simulation)	3 × 3 × 3 m	Magnetometer, one point	1.37	[78]
		Heart rate	−5%	—	—	—	—	—
		Heart rate variability ULF (0.001–0.003) VLF (0.003–0.04) LF (0.04–0.15) HF (0.15–0.4)	+15% −10% −25% −25% −10%	— — — — —	— — — — —	— — — — —	— — — — —	— — — — —
38	Human Human peripheral blood lymphocytes	Proportion of apoptotic cells	−45% −36%	50 —	80 800 μT	40 μT —	44 h —	3 —	Two-way ANCOVA, and the Tukey honest significant difference (HSD) test	Helmholtz coils (1 axis)	42 cm Ø 20 cm	Magnetometer, one point, variation <1%	0.42	[162]
		Nuclear division index (NDI)	+5% +25%	— —	80 800 μT	— —	— —	— —
		Proportion of cells with micronuclei	+15% −40%	— —	80 800 μT	— —	— —	— —
39	Human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y	Survival cells	−15%	60	2 mT	38 μT	3 h	10	Student’s t-test for extremely low samples	Rodin’s star-coil	Ø 30 cm	Magnetometer, 3D map, ELF-MF≫ GMF	0.42	[200]
		Number of cells	−60%	—	—	—	—	—
		Cell proteome analysis: increase in expression, decreased expression	+7% +5%	— —	— —	— —	— —	— —
		Expression of individual proteins: prohibitin	+90%	—	—	—	—	—
		4-HNE	−90%	—	—	—	—	—
		F-actin	qualitatively	—	—	—	—	—
		Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5,	+30%	—	—	—	—	—
		Alpha-tubulin	+39%	—	—	—	—	—
		Prohibitin	+13%	—	—	—	—	—
		Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase FTO	1/2.3	—	—	—	—	—
		Serine/threonine-protein kinase 32C	×12.07	—	—	—	—	—
		T-complex protein 1 subunit alpha	−41%	—	—	—	—	—
		ATP synthase subunit beta, mitochondrial	+41%	—	—	—	—	—
		Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP4	+48%	—	—	—	—	—
		PDZ and LIM domain protein 3	+72%	—	—	—	—	—
		Sin3 histone deacetylase corepressor complex component SDS3	+31%	—	—	—	—	—
		Nuclear fragmentation	+35%	—	—	—	—	—
		Actin filament disruption	+35%	—	—	—	—	—
		Disruption of β-tubulin strands	+35%	—	—	—	—	—
40	Meta-analysis of articles on the relationship between the risk of developing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Data from 62 articles. Women, >18 years old. USA, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland	Development risk Mortality	+14%	50– 60	0.3–2.5 μT	~36 μT	>1 year	~20,000	Pooled analysis of the large sample size	Industrial fields	Not applicable	Not applicable	0.42	[65]
41	Human Men, healthy, 18–27 years old, body mass index 24 ± 2	Heart rate (HR) HR variability (HRV) VLF LF HF	−5% +10% +300% +200% +50%	50 — — — —	100 nT — — — —	28 µT — — — —	15 min — — — —	17 — — — —	ANOVA, corrected degrees of freedom via Greenhouse–Geisser estimates of sphericity if the assumption of sphericity was violated. t-tests with Bonferroni correction	Helmholtz coil (1 axis)	Ø 70 cm	Magnetometer, one point, variation SMF < 2 µT (26–30 µT), GMF 44 µT, TVMF 50 Hz 0.01 µT	0.42	[122]
42	People, men and women, 25.6 ± 4 years	Final angle of the line after adjustment SVV: standard deviation	−12% −12% −12% −12%	20 60 120 160	98 32.8 16.4 12.3	~50 μT — — —	1.5 h — — —	33 — — —	Eta squared (ηG2) after ANOVAs	Single coil system (1 axis)	Ø 20 cm	Magnetometer, one point (dB/dt = 12.3 T/s)	0.42	[135]
		SVV	+10% +10% +10% +10%	20 60 120 160	98 32.8 16.4 12.3	— — — —	— — — —	— — — —
		Angle setting time	−70% −70% −70% −70%	20 60 120 160	98 32.8 16.4 12.3 mT	— — — —	— — — —	— — — —
43	Rats 200–250 g body mass, 3 months old, control and after tendon trimming surgery	Muscle mass: control, operated	+10% +25%	40 —	1.5 mT —	~30 μT —	45 h —	8 —	ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc test	Helmholtz coils (1 axis)	Ø 60 cm	Magnetometer, one point	0.42	[120]
		Muscle surface area: control, operated	+2% +12%	— —	— —	— —	— —	— —
		Strength of muscle contraction: control, operated	N/A +50%	— —	— —	— —	— —	— —
		Time of maximum contraction: control, operated	N/A −10%	— —	— —	— —	— —	— —
		Relaxation time at 80% (both)	N/A	—	—	—	—	—
		Contraction force: operated	+60%	120	—	—	—	—
44	Human Men and women after SARS-CoV-2 infection, age 50–70 years	Granularity of peripheral blood granulocytes	−10%	320+780+ 880+ 2600	5 μT	~50 μT	30 min	32	t-test after Shapiro–Wilk test	Ring-shaped portable generator	Ø 50 cm	Magnetometer, one point ELF-MF— GMF	0.42	[123]
		Peripheral blood granulocyte count	−10%	—	—	—	—	—
45	Rats Sprague–Dawley, males, 14–18 days, hippocampal slices	Cell responses to electrical stimulation (normalized amplitude)	−25% −27% −30% −20% −22% −25% −8% −10% −15%	15 — — 50 — — 100 — —	0.5 1 2 0.5 1 2 0.5 1 2 mT	~45 μT — — — — — — — —	20 min — — — — — — — —	5 — — — — — — — —	ANOVA on Tukey’s multiple comparisons test	Solenoid (1 axis)	Ø 10 cm	Magnetometer, one point, variation SMF < 5% TVMF < 5% ELF-MF ≫ GMF	0.93	[138]
46	Rats Sprague–Dawley males, 14–18 days, hippocampal slices (CA1 region)	Electrically excited postsynaptic potentials	−30% −25% −20% −35% −25% −25% −35% −25% −25%	15 — — 50 — — 100 — —	0.5 1 2 0.5 1 2 0.5 1 2 mT	~45 μT — — — — — — — —	10 s — — — — — — — —	5 — — — — — — — —	Two-way ANOVA, Tukey’s multiple comparisons test	Commercially available systems XcELF (IT’IS Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland)	Not described	Magnetometer, one point, variation SMF < 5% TVMF < 5% ELF-MF ≫ GMF	0.79	[139]
47	Rats Sprague–Dawley, males, 14–18 days, hippocampal slices (CA1 region)	Electrical response to high-frequency electrical stimulation: in MF: control, against the background of receptor blockers NMDAR	−80% −40%	15 —	2 mT —	~45 μT —	20 min —	5 —	Two-way ANOVA, Tukey’s multiple comparisons test	Solenoid (1 axis)	Ø 10 cm	Magnetometer, one point, variation SMF < 5% TVMF < 5% ELF-MF≫ GMF	0.85	[139]
48	Rats Sprague–Dawley, males, 14–18 days, hippocampal slices (CA1 region)	Amplitude and slope of the electrical response to electrical stimulation (control): 20 min 40 min 60 min in the presence of AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist (10 μM CNQX)	−5% −20% −25% recovery after washin 100%	15 — — —	2 mT — — —	~45 μT — — —	20 40 60 min —	5 — — —	Two-way ANOVA on Tukey’s multiple comparisons test	Solenoid (1 axis)	Ø 10 cm	Magnetometer, one point, variation SMF < 5% AMF < 5% ELF-MF ≫ GMF	1.04	[142]
49	Rats Wistar embryos and newborns, slices of the hippocampus and neocortex	Electrical activity of neurons in response to electro-stimulation: Amplitude between minimum and maximum (bark) embryos, newborns	N/A +10% +15% +30% +45% +45% +50%	50 — — — — — —	0.5 1.75 2.0 2.25 2.5 2.75 3.0 mT	0.5 mT — — — — — —	7 days — — — — — —	7 — — — — — —	ANOVA or Student’s t-test	Helmholtz coils (1 axis)	Ø 42 cm	Magnetometer, one point, variation TVFM <25 μT, Variation SMF < 10 μT	0.64	[140]
		Maximum of response: embryos	+80% +100% +100% +100%	— — — —	2.25 2.5 2.75 3.0 mT	— — — —	— — — —	— — — —
		Maximum of response: newborns	+80% +100% +100% +100%	— — — —	2.25 2.5 2.75 3.0 mT	— — — —	— — — —	— — — —
		Action potential: embryos	+25%	—	2 mT	—	—	—
50	Mice BALB/c, males, 12–13 weeks, 20–30 g	Ca2+ concentration in brain tissue: intact: bark cerebellum hippocampus brain stem	+10% +15% +350% +75%	50 — — —	1 mT — — —	<1 nT — — —	10 h — — —	8 — — —	One-way ANOVA, least significant difference (LSD) test	Helmholtz coils (1 axis)	Ø 40 cm	Magnetometer, one point GMF, magnetic force lines were parallel to the horizontal component of the local GMF	0.1	[136]
		Ca2+ concentration in brain tissue against the background of calcium channel blocker Amlodipine: bark cerebellum hippocampus brain stem	N/A +8% N/A N/A	— — — —	— — — —	— — — —	— — — —	— — — —
51	Rats Wistar, males, 200 g, hippocampal neurons	Electrical response: first peak amplitude, second peak amplitude	+30% +20%	50 —	100 μT —	<1 μT —	180 h —	5 —	ANOVA Tukey’s test	Solenoid (1 axis)	Ø 20 cm	Magnetometer, one point	0.85	[141]
52	Rats Wistar, males, 21 days, hippocampus	Ca2+ concentration in cells	+200% +300%	50 —	50 100 μT	39 μT —	90 days —	3 —	Student’s t-test	Helmholtz coils (3 axes)	0.5 × 0.5 × 0.5 m	GMF vertical 15.89 ± 0.14 μT horizontal 39.43 ± 0.01 μT	0.8	[206]
		Enzyme activities: Protein kinase C	+15% +50%	— —	50 100 μT	— —	— —	— —
		Protein kinase A	−55% −75%	— —	50 100 μT	— —	— —	— —
		Ca2+–calmodulin-dependent protein kinase	+50% +75%	— —	50 100 μT	— —	— —	— —
		Calcineurin specific activity	N/A N/A	— —	50 100 μT	— —	— —	— —
		Phosphotases (total)	N/A	—	50 μT	— —	— —	— —
		Ligand binding NMDAR (3H-L-glutamine)	−25%	—	100 μT	— —	— —	— —
53	Children living in Mexico City: diagnosed with B-line acute lymphoblastic leukemia and healthy. Age in both groups 16 years	B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia risks (case/control ratio)	+26% +53% +87% +80% +123%	50- 60 — — —	<200 ≥300 ≥400 ≥500 ≥600 nT	45 μT	>1 years	290 407	Unadjusted ORs, adjusted odds ratios (aORs), and 95% CI were calculated using unconditional logistic regression analysis	ELF-MF in bedrooms	Not applicable	Not applicable	0.42	[32]
54	Honey bees Apis mellifera, from 4 hives	Absolute wing flapping frequency	N/A N/A N/A	50 — —	0.1 1 7 mT	0 μT	15 min — — —	120	One-way and two-way ANOVA, Bonferroni post hoc test	Helmholtz coils (1 axis)	Ø 25 cm	Magnetometer, 3D map ELF-MF ≫ GMF	0.97	[131]
		Proportion of bees successfully trained to forage	−80%	—	0.1 mT	—	—	—
55	Locust Schistocerca gregaria, 4–9 days, male and females	Absolute wing flapping frequency (slow flying insects)	+20% +5% +10%	50 — —	0.1 1 7 mT	<10 μT — —	10 min — —	162 — —	Kruskal–Wallis test as the data failed the Brown–Forsythe test, one-way and two-way ANOVA	Helmholtz coils (1 axis)	Ø 25 cm	Magnetometer, 3D map ELF-MF ≫ GMF	0.42	[132]
		Absolute wing flapping frequency (fast flying insects)	−5% −15% −20%	50 — —	0.1 1 7 mT	— — —	— — —	— — —
56	Rats Sprague–Dawley, 200–250 g, age 8 weeks	Body mass	N/A N/A N/A	50 — —	30 100 500 μT	<10 nT — —	24 weeks—	30 — —	One-way ANOVA	Helmholtz coils	2000× 700× 2000 mm	Magnetometer, 3D map	0.42	[222]
		Water consumption	N/A N/A N/A	— — —	— — —	— — —	— — —	— — —
		Count of the red blood cells	N/A N/A N/A	— — —	— — —	— — —	— — —	— — —
		Protein expression: alanine transaminase,	N/A N/A N/A	— — —	— — —	— — —	— — —	— — —
		aspartate aminotransferase	N/A N/A N/A	— — —	— — —	— — —	— — —	— — —
		Concentration of micro- and macroelements: Cr	N/A N/A N/A	— — —	— — —	— — —	— — —	— — —
		Ca2+	N/A N/A N/A	— — —	— — —	— — —	— — —	— — —
		Mg2+	N/A N/A N/A	— — —	— — —	— — —	— — —	— — —
		Blood urea nitrogen	N/A N/A N/A	— — —	— — —	— — —	— — —	— — —
		Ultrastructure of the kidneys	N/A N/A N/A	— — —	— — —	— — —	— — —	— — —
		Ultrastructure of the liver	N/A N/A N/A	— — —	— — —	— — —	— — —	— — —
		H2O2 concentration	N/A N/A N/A	— — —	— — —	— — —	— — —	— — —
		NO concentration	N/A N/A N/A	— — —	— — —	— — —	— — —	— — —
		Catalase activity	N/A N/A N/A	— — —	— — —	— — —	— — —	— — —
		SOD activity	N/A N/A N/A	— — —	— — —	— — —	— — —	— — —
57	Sunflower and wheat seedlings	Fresh biomass of sunflowers: Whole plant, Shoots, Roots	+12% +15% +5%	16.6 — —	20 μT — —	~45 μT — —	12 days — —	6 — —	Kruskal–Wallis test	Helmholtz coils (1 axis)	Ø 60 cm	Magnetometer, oscilloscope 1 point, temperature variation <0.1%	0.42	[150]
		Fresh biomass of wheat seedlings (whole plant)	−50%	—	—	—	—	—
58	Human Electric train drivers, 40–55 years old, men	Heat rate	−5%	16.6	1.5 μT	38 μT	24 h	7	Student’s t-test (pilot study)	Workplace	Not applicable	Not applicable	0.42	[223]
		HRV: LF HF	+6% +5%	— —	— —	— —	— —	— —
59	Cardiomyocytes (hiPS line)	Electrical response to Verapamil	N/A	50	400 mT	0 mT	60 s	200	Student’s t-test	Helmholtz coils (1 axis) iron shield	50 × 50 cm	Magnetometer, 1 point, variation < 5%	0.98	[224]
60	Human cord blood cells CD34+ pluripotent stem cells	Myeloid differentiation Lymphoid differentiation	N/A N/A	50 —	300 mT	45 μT —	35 days —	4 —	Student’s t-test	Helmholtz coils (1 axis)	50 × 50 cm	Magnetometer, 1 point, variation < 5%	0.42	[173]
61	Mice BALB/c, 22–25 g Peritoneal neutrophils	Membrane peroxidation	+10.2%	1 +4.4 +16.5	600+ 100+ 160 nT	42 μT	1 h	3	Student’s t-test	Helmholtz coils (2 axes)	Ø 120 cm	Magnetometer, 1 point, variation < 2% GMF~42 μT TVMF 50 Hz 15–50 nT	0.18	[126]
		fMLF-induced ROS generation	+200%	—	—	—	—	—
62	Mice CD-1, males, 22–25 g Peritoneal neutrophils	fMLF-induced ROS generation after cell treatment	+36%	12.6+ 48.5	100 nT	60 μT	1 h	3	Mann–Whitney test (continuity correction) Benjamini–Hochberg’s correction	Solenoid in a shell made of soft magnetic material	Ø 18 × 36 cm	Magnetometer, 1 point, variation TVMF 50 Hz <5 nT, SMF <10 nT GMF ~44 μT TVMF 50 Hz 15–50 nT	0.49	[127]
63	Mice BALB/c Age 8–10 weeks (25–27 г) Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma	TNF-α secretion: macrophages	−19%	(5.10+ 5.26+ 5.91+ 6.26+ 6.31+ 6.98)	100 nT	60 μT	28 h	30	Student’s t-test	Helmholtz coils (2 axes)	Ø 140 cm	Magnetometer, 1 point, variation <2% GMF ~37 μT	0.4	[128]
		fMLF-induced generation of ROS after addition of MF-treated water	+66%	—	—	—	—	—
		TNF-α secretion by macrophages	+270%	—	—	—	—	—
		TNF-α secretion by T-cells	+180%	—	—	—	—	—
		TNF-α secretion by whole blood	+400%	—	—	—	—	—
		IFN-γ secretion by macrophages	+200%	—	—	—	—	—
		IFN-γ secretion by T-cells	+190%	—	—	—	—	—
		IFN-γ secretion by whole blood	+90%	—	—	—	—	—
		Tumor size	−40%	—	—	—	—	—
		Survival rate at 50 days	+900%	—	—	—	—	—
64	Mice Strains Tg and OBE (model of familial and sporadic Alzheimer’s disease) of the C3H and SO lines (appropriate controls)	Spatial memory test (Morris water maze): Tg, C3H, OBE, SO	+25% +25% N/A +25%	0.38+ 4.88 — —	80 nT — — —	42 ± 0.1 μT — —	40 h — — —	5 — — —	One-way ANOVA, t-test	Helmholtz coils (1 axis)	Ø 140 × 70 cm	Magnetometer, oscilloscope 1 point, variation < 1% TVMF 50 Hz 20–40 nT GMF~37 μT	0.4 [144]
		Brain Aβ amyloid concentration: Tg, OBE	−25% −50%	— —	— —	— —	— —	— —
65	Spinach Spinacia oleracea 4–5 weeks, insulated membranes	Ca2+ permeability	−6% +4% −9% −4% +9% +15% +4% −5% +5% +5% +1% −4% −1%	9 16.7 20 25.5 — — — — 30 40 50 60 80	25.9 μT — — 20.3 21.0 21.7 22.4 25.9 μT — — —	37 μT — — 29 30 31 32 37 μT	1 h — — — — — — — — — — — —	5	Student’s t-test	Helmholtz coils (2 axes)	-	Magnetometer, oscilloscope 1 point, variation <2.5%	0.42	[202]
66	Granulocytes differentiated from polypotent CD34+ umbilical cord blood cells	Cell death	+50%	50	1 mT	~1 nT	72 h	3	Wilcoxon rank-sum test	Helmholtz coils (1 axis) in μ-metallic chamber	15 × 15 cm	Magnetometer, oscilloscope 1 point, variation < 1%, GMF shielded with μ-metal chamber	0.97	[125]
		Apoptosis	+20%	—	—	—	—	—
		Length of cell cycle phases	N/A	—	—	—	—	—
		Proportion of genes with increased expression	+2%	—	—	—	—	—
		Proportion of genes with reduced expression	+1.5%	—	—	—	—	—
		DNA methylation	−5%	—	—	—	—	—
67	Umbilical Cord Blood Lymphocytes	Cell viability	−15% −16%	7.8 —	6.6 12 μT	4 μT	72 h	3	ANOVA, post hoc Fisher LSD	Coils (2 axes)	20 × 20 cm	Magnetometer, 3D map, variation < 8%, GMF 33.6–38 μT, GMF shielded with μ-metal chamber	1.15	[225]
68	Cell line U251	Proliferation rate	+80%	7–21	24 μT	126 μT	72 h	3	ANOVA	Coils (2 axes)	20 × 20 cm	Magnetometer, 3D map, variation < 1 μT GMF 33–38 μT	1.14	[226]
69	E. coli strains AB1157 and EMG2	Anomalous viscosity time dependencies (AVTD) is strains: AB1157	+26% +23% +21%	16 30 64	21 μT — —	43 μT — —	15 min — —	3 — —	Student’s t-test	Helmholtz coils	Ø 17.6 cm	Magnetometer, one point, variation SMF < 2%, TVMF < 5%	book 0.72	[227,228]
		EMG2	+26% +21% +18%	16 28 55	— — —	— — —	— — —	— — —
70	Wheat Triticum aestivum Control and Drought Conditions	Fresh, Control, Drought	N/A +90%	14.3 —	18 μT —	52 μT —	12 days —	3 —	Student’s t-test	Helmholtz coils (1 axis)	Ø 20 cm	Magnetometer, one point	0.79	[151]
		Length: Control, Drought	N/A +15%	— —	— —	— —	— —	— —
		Leaf Area: Control, Drought	N/A +80%	— —	— —	— —	— —	— —
		Photosynthesis efficiency: Control, Drought	N/A +60%	— —	— —	— —	— —	— —
		Water content: Control, Drought	N/A +95%	— —	— —	— —	— —	— —
71	Bacillus Iicheniformis α-amylase immobilized on superparamagnetic particle	Enzyme activity	+28% +27%	5 7	12 mT —	50 μT —	30 min	3	Student’s t-test	System of 4 coils	10 × 10 cm	Magnetometer, one point	0.79	[218]
72	Fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster wild type, eggs	Mortality: eggs, larvaem, pupae, adult	+350% N/A +140% −33%	50 — — —	1 mT — — —	40 μT 3 — — —	48 h — — —	1000 — — —	Two-way ANOVA	Helmholtz coils (1 axis)	Ø 17 cm	Magnetometer, oscilloscope one point ELF-MF— GMF	0.42	[156]
73	Fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster wild type and Cy/Pm mutants (curly wings and plum-colored eyes) hybrids	Percent of frequency of recessive lethal illnesses	N/A N/A	50 —	0.5 5 mT	45 μT —	500 days (40 generations)	>100 —	ANOVA, Chi-square test of goodness-of-fit, Bartlett’s test	Helmholtz coils (2 axes)	Ø 40 cm	Magnetometer, one point Induction ELF-MF— GMF	0.43	[157]
		Average viability	−15% −20%	— —	0.5 5 mT	— —	— —	— —
74	Fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster wild type, eggs	Embryo survival	+25% +30%	50 50	5 μT 40 μT	200 nT 200 nT	3 h	30 30	ANOVA, Student–Newman–Keuls, and Dunnett’s post hoc test	Helmholtz coils (1 axis)	-	Magnetometer, one point	1.25	[161]
75	Fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster wild type, adult	Eggs from Petri dishes: F1, F2, F3	+100% −30% −60%	50 — —	2 mT ↕ —	48 — —	3 days	5	Student’s t-test	Helmholtz coils (1 axis)	Ø 17 cm	Magnetometer, one point TVMF variation < 0.2 mT GMF (not described) Temperature variation < 1.5 °C	0.43	[158]
		Mature individuals: F1, F2, F3	+22% −30% −60%	— — —	— — —	— — —	— — —
		Number/% of dead eggs: F1, F2, F3	+480% +260% +160%	— — —	— — —	— — —	— — —
76	Fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster wild type, adult	Number of F1 pupae per maternal insect Ovarian DNA fragmentation (TUNELpositive eggs):	−2.9% −3.7% −4.3%	50 — —	0.1↕ 1.1↕ 1.2 mT↕	GMF — —	48 h — —	12	ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation analysis	Helmholtz coils (1 axis)	Ø 25 cm	Magnetometer, oscilloscope, spatial distribution, E components 0.13 1.43 2.72 V/m Temperature variation < 1 °C	0.65	[159]
			+5.7% +6.7% +7.5%	— — —	0.1↕ 1.1↕ 1.2 mT↕	— — —	— — —	— — —
77	Zebrafish Danio rerio embryos	Mortality	N/A N/A N/A	50 — —	0.2 0.4 0.8 μT	13 μT — —	96 h — —	100 — —	ANOVA, LSD test	Helmholtz coils (1 axis)	100× 100× 50 cm	Magnetometer, spatial distribution, variation SMF < 20 nT, TVMF < 1%	0.73	[160]
		Ebryo malformation	N/A N/A N/A	— — —	0.2 0.4 0.8	— — —	— — —	— — —
		Heart rate 36 h of development	−5% −15% −12%	— — —	0.2 0.4 0.8	— — —	— — —	— — —
		Hatching rate, 48 h of development	−60% −60% −50%	— — —	0.2 0.4 0.8	— — —	— — —	— — —
		54 h of development	−60% −80% −90%	— — —	0.2 0.4 0.8	— — —	— — —	— — —
		60 h of development	−8% −10%	— —	0.4 0.8 mT	— —	— —	— —
		Gene expression: caspase-3	+20% +20% +20%	— — —	0.2 0.4 0.8 mT	— — —	— — —	— — —
		caspase-9	+35%	—	0.8 mT	—	—	—
78	Glioblastoma cell line U251 and breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell line	U251 cell proliferation rate	+12% +14% −60% −55% −40% −30% −40%	7+14+20 7.8 — — — —	6 24 6 10 13 17 24	>17 μT — — — — — —	7 days — — — — — —	3 — — — — — —	ANOVA, Dunnet’s post hoc test	Perpendicular coils	~130× 90 mm	Magnetometer, oscilloscope, 3D map, variation SMF < 2 μT, TVMF <100 nT GMF < 2% GMF 41.7 μT	1.14	[226]
		MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation rate	−10% −15% −20%	— — —	6 10 13 μT	— — —	— — —	— — —
79	Human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and mouse primary cortical neurons (PCNs)	PCNs cells: p53 fold change	−10% −20%	50 —	1 mT —	300 nT —	48 h —	3 —	Two-way ANOVA, Friedman test	Helmholtz coils (1 axis)	38 × 12 cm	Magnetometer, 3D map, TVMF and SMF variation < 5%, temperature variation < 0.2%	1.33	[208]
		SH-SY5Y cells: p53 fold change	+30%	—	—	—	48 h	—
		Proportion of 5-metylcitosine in DNA	+50%	—	—	—	4 h	—
		Superoxide regeration	+80%	—	—	—	24 h	—
		H2O2 regeration	+120%	—	—	—	24 h	—
		Expression of Btg4 (cell cycle regulator): control, DAG-treated cells	70% N/A	— —	— —	— —	6 h —	— —
		Mitochondrial potential	−30% −20%	— —	— —	— —	24 h 48 h	— —
		Alpha-synuclein expression	+25%	—	—	—	48 h	—
		Alpha-synuclein aggregation	+30%	—	—	—	—	—
		Levels of differentiation regulators miR-34b	−25% −80% −90%	— — —	— — —	— — —	24 h 48 h 72 h	— — —
		miR-34c	−30% −25%	— —	— —	— —	48 h 72 h	— —
80	Human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells	DHE-detected ROS generation (superoxide)	+20% +25% +40%	50 — —	1 mT — —	300 nT — —	24 48 72 h	3 — —	Two-way ANOVA, Friedman test	Helmholtz coils (1 axis)	38 × 12 cm	Magnetometer, 3D map, TVMF and SMF variation < 5%, temperature variation < 0.2%	1.33	[209]
		DCF-detected ROS generation (H2O2)	+30% +70% +40%	— — —	— — —	— — —	24 48 72 h	— — —
		Thiols content (antioxidants)	−20% −25% −15%	— — —	— — —	— — —	24 48 72 h	— — —
		MPP+ toxin induced: proliferation inhibition	+20%	—	—	—	72 h	—
		Cell death	+100%	—	—	—	—	—
		Apoptosis	+400%	—	—	—	—	—
		Caspase 3/7 activation	+200%	—	—	—	—	—
81	Calves, adult	Melatonin concentration in saliva: winter, summer	−50% +25%	50 —	400 nT	49 μT —	80 days —	80 —	Multivariate general linear mixed model	Custom-built coil, TVMF variation < 10 nT	-	Magnetometer, one point	0.97	[198]
82	Immortalized nontumorigenic human keratinocytes HaCaT	Cell number,	−30%	60	1.5 mT	0.47 μT	144 h	3	Student’s t-test	Helmholtz coil	Ø 37 cm	Magnetometer, spatial distribution, variation, TVMF < 4.4%, SMF < 30 nT, Temperature variation < 0.3 °C, pH of culture medium variation < 0.02	0.89	[204]
		Number of colonies	−20%	—	—	—	—	—
		Cell cycle phase duration: G0/G1, S, G2/M	+30% −60% −10%	— — —	— — —	— — —	— — —	— — —
		Proteins levels: phospho-Chk2 (Thr68),	+100%	—	—	—	—	—
		p21	+100%	—	—	—	—	—
83	Immortalized COS7, CHO, HB2, and MEF, transformed MDA-MB-231 (MDA), HeLa, and PC3, Jurkat and REH cell lines	pERK amount in cells CHO	+50% +200%	50 —	7 μT 1 mT	10 nT —	71 min —	3 —	Student’s t-test	sXcELF ELF-MF exposure system	No discribed	Magnetometer, one point	0.83	[205]
		MEF	+500% +450%	— —	7 μT 1 mT	— —	— —	— —
		HB2	+400% +450%	— —	7 μT 1 mT	— —	— —	— —
		COS7	+200% +450%	— —	7 μT 1 mT	— —	— —	— —
		HeLa	+80% +80% +90% +200% +350%	— — — — —	7 μT 15 μT 50 μT 1 mT 10 mT	— — — — —	71 min 15 min — — —	— — — — —
		Juncat	+100% +200%	— —	7 μT 1 mT	— —	— —	— —
		p-p38 MAPK amount in cells COS7	N/A N/A	— —	7 μT 1 mT	— —	70 min —	— —
		HeLa	N/A N/A	— —	7 μT 1 mT	— —	— —	— —
		pJNK amount in cells COS7	N/A N/A	— —	7 μT 1 mT	— —	— —	— —
		HeLa	N/A N/A	— —	7 μT 1 mT	— —	— —	— —
		pAKT amount in cells COS7	N/A N/A	— —	7 μT 1 mT	— —	— —	— —
		HeLa	N/A N/A	— —	7 μT 1 mT	— —	— —	— —
84	Wistar rats aged 8 weeks old, healthy or with modeled Alzheimer’s disease, hippocampal neurons	Phosphorylation level of NF-κB	+120% +40% +40% N/A	50 — — —	400 μT — — —	35 μT	6 h 7 14 28 days	3	ANOVA, Levene’s test for homogeneity of variances	Helmholtz coils (1 axis)	140 × 70 cm	Magnetometer, one point, variation, TVMF <20 μT Background TVMF 50 Hz <100 nT, GMF not described	0.79	[207]
		Phosphorylation level of IKK	+40%	—	—	—	6 h	—
		Expression level of RKIP and TAK1	−25% −20% −20%	— — —	— — —	— — —	14 days 6 h 14 days	— — —
		RKIP/TAK1 interaction	−80% −80% −75% N/A	— — — —	— — — —	— — — —	6 7 14 h 28 days	— — — —
		Behavior Morris water maze test	+30% +25% +25% +25%	— — — —	— — — —	— — — —	6 7 14 h 28 days	— — — —
		Alzheimer’s disease effect in model rats	−80% −60% −75% −90%	— — — —	— — — —	— — — —	6 7 14 h 28 days	— — — —
85	Flax Linum bienne upper segments of stems without leaves, 2.5 cm long	Deviation of the apical end of a segment from the horizontal plane (gravitropism)	+15% +20% +32% +40% +44% +36% +29% +4%	35.8 — — — — — — —	32.6 41.9 60.5 74.4 83.7 97.7 130.2 158.1 μT	46.5 — — — — — — —	2 h	20	Student’s t-test	Helmholtz coils	Ø 30 cm	Magnetometer, one point, TVMF 50 Hz 5 nT	0.18	[55]
86	Chromaffin cell cultures from rats	Proportion of cells with neurite-like growth	+220%	60	0.7 mT	50 μT	28 h	6	Student’s t-test	Helmholtz coil (1 axis)	Ø 18.32 cm	Magnetometer, spatial distribution	0.99	[181]
		Neurite length	+110%	—	—	—	—	—
		Change in potential induced by Ca2+ curren	+110%	—	—	—	—	—
		KCl-evoked catecholamine release	+700%	—	—	—	—	—
87	tT20 D16V neuronal cells	Ca2+ influx	+30%	50	2 mT	44 μT	48 h	500	Student’s t-test	Solenoid	Ø 10 cm	Magnetometer, one point E = 12 V/m, temperature variation < 0.3 °C, GMG (not described)	0.42	[182]
		Intracellular pH	−0.2 pH units	—	—	—	—	—
		Neurofilament-positive cells count: control, Nifedipine treated (Ca2+ channels antagonist),	+260% −15%	— —	— —	— —	— —	3 —
		Synaptophysin protein-positive cell count	+3000%	—	—	—	—	—
		NF-200 gene expression	+100%	—	—	—	—	—
88	Neural stem/progenitor cells from the brain cortices of newborn mice	Beta-III-tubulin+ cells: 6 days, 12 days	+90% +90%	50 —	1 mT —	44 μT —	24 h —	90 —	Student’s paired and unpaired t-test	Solenoid	Ø 20 cm	Magnetometer and oscilloscope, one point, temperature 37.4 ± 0.1 °C (both control and sham incubators)	1.29	[175]
		MAP2+ cells count: 6 days, 12 days	+15% +20%	— —	— —	— —	— —	— —
		Surface expression of Ca(v)1.2 channel	+100%	—	—	—	—	—
		Surface expression of Ca(v)1.3 channel	+100%	—	—	—	—	—
		Spontaneous Ca2+ transients frequency	+100%	—	—	—	—	—
		Spontaneous Ca2+ transients amplitude	+20%	—	—	—	—	—
		KCl-induced Ca2+ transients frequency	+25%	—	—	—	—	—
		Amplitude of KCl-induced Ca2+ transients	+30%	—	—	—	—	—
		pCREB+ cells count	+400%	—	—	—	—	—
89	CHO-K1 cells transfected Kv1.3 channel	Whole-cell Kv1.3 steady-state conductance	+5% +10%	20 —	268 902 μT	44 μT —	1 min —	92 44	Wilcoxon signed-rank test	Solenoids	Ø 88 mm	Magnetometer, one point	0.4	[176]
90	CA1 pyramidal neurons of young Sprague–Dawley rats	Maximum current density of INa (modulus of pA/pF)	+29% +32% +38% +72% +80% +94% +147% +136% +103% +10% +71% +86% +380% +345% +312% +407% +413% +441%	15 — — — — — — — — 50 — — — — — — — —	0.5 — — 1 — — 2 — — 0.5 — — 1 — — 2 — —	50 μT — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —	10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30	5 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —	ANOVA on ranks, Tukey’s post hoc test	Coils system (1 axis)	18 × 69 mm	Magnetometer, spatial distribution, TVMF variation < 8%, ELF-MF— GMF	0.4	[177]
		Maximum current density of Ik (modulus of pA/pF)	−30% −40% −30% −25% −40% −30% −30% −40% −25% −35% −20% −50% −75% −20% −40% −55%	15 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —	0.5 — 1 — — 2 — — 0.5 — 1 — — 2 mT — —	— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —	20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30	— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
91	Neurogenic tumor cell lines (U251, A172, SH-SY5Y) and primary cultured neurogenic cells from rat embryos (astrocytes, microglia, cortical neurons)	γH2AX foci formation (all cells)	N/A	50	2 mT	50 μT	24 h	3	Student’s t-test	Exposure system (sXc-ELF) on base of Helmholtz coils	-	Magnetometer, oscilloscope, one point, temperature variation <0.1°C	0.57	[229]
		cell cycle phases proportion (all cells)	N/A	—	—	—	—	—
		cell viability (all cells)	N/A	—	—	—	—	—
		total dendritelength	N/A	—	—	—	—	—
		average dendrite branch length	N/A	—	—	—	—	—
		average number of branches	N/A	—	—	—	—	—
92	Children, boys and girls, healthy or with leukemia	Risk of cancer development: leukemia	+70%	60	0.1–10 μT	50 μT	10 years	936	Chi-squared test	Epidemiological study	Not applicable	Not applicable	1.81	[230]
		lymphoma	+100%	—	—	—	—	—
		nervous system tumors	+80%	—	—	—	—	—
		other tumors	+90%	—	—	—	—	—
93	Humans, adult, men and women, healthy or with leukemia	risk of cancer development	+64% +43%	60 —	0.25 0.12 μT	50 μT —	7 years —	56 134	Chi-square test	Epidemiological study	Not applicable	Not applicable	1.81	[231]
94	Children, boys and girls, <16 years old, healthy or with leukemia	Risk of cancer development: all cancer	+50% +20% +30%	50 — —	0.1–0.2 0.2–0.3 >0.3	53 μT — —	<15 years — —	127.383 — —	Spearman rank correlations, confidence intervals, logistic regression model Mantel extension technique	Living <300 m from any of the 220 and 400 kV power lines	Not applicable	Not applicable	1.81	[232]
		leukemia	+110% +50%	— —	0.1–0.2 0.2–0.3	— —	— —	— —
		lymphoma	+280% +30%	— —	>0.3 0.2–0.3 μT	— —	— —	— —
95	Humans, adult, men and women, healthy or with cancer	Risk of cancer development: acute myeloid leukemia	+70%	50	>0.2 μT	53 μT	10–15 years	>300	Spearman rank correlations, confidence intervals, logistic regression model Mantel extension technique	Living <300 m from any of the 220 and 400 kV power lines	Not applicable	Not applicable	1.96	[233]
		chronic myeloid leukemia	+70%	—	—	—	—	—
		central nervous system tumors	N/A	—	—	—	—	—
96	Humans, adult, men, electric utility workers, healthy or with cancer	Risk of cancer development: all hematopoietic malignancies,	+23% +23%	60 —	>3.2 3 >7	55 μT —	years 2 —	31.543 —	X2 test	Ontario electric utility power lines	Electric fields were >172 V/m or >345 V/m, respectively	Not applicable	1.81	[234]
		non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma	+27% +29%	— —	>3.2 >7	— —	— —	— —
		acute nonlymphoid leukemia	+93% +187%	— —	>3.2 >7	— —	— —	— —
		acute myeloid leukemia	+287%	—	>7	—	—	—
		chronic lymphoid leukemia	N/A N/A	— —	>3.2 >7	— —	— —	— —
		malignant brain tumors	N/A N/A	— —	>3.2 >7	— —	— —	— —
		benign brain tumors	+483% +464%	— —	>3.2 >7	— —	— —	— —
		malignant melanoma	N/A N/A	— —	>3.2 >7	— —	— —	— —
		stomach cancer	+123%	—	>3.2	—	—	—
		lung cancer	+100% +22%	— —	>7 >7 μT	— —	— —	— —

¹—Unless otherwise indicated in the publication, magnitude of GMF induction was indicated according to the World Magnetic Model map (https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/world-magnetic-model access on 10 October 2023), ²—unless otherwise stated, the exposure was counted for 7 years, as was shown in the work [231], ³—cumulative level μT/years, ——repeated values, N/A—no effect detected, ↕—vertical margin (if specified), ↔—horizontal margin (if specified), ↔↕—combination of vertical and horizontal margins (if specified), ++—moderate increase in parameter (qualitatively), +—slight increase in parameter (qualitatively). If the incubation consisted of several sessions, then the total exposure time during the experiment is indicated. SJR—scientific journal rankings (https://www.scimagojr.com/journalrank.php, access on 16 October 2023).