Fig. 1.

CSF biomarker concentrations are altered in SSVD. CSF median concentrations (25th–75th percentiles) are given for (A) NFL, (B) sAβPPα, (C) sAβPPβ, and (D) CSF/serum albumin ratio in patients with SSVD (n = 38), AD (n = 121), and mixed dementia (n = 62) as well as healthy controls (n = 96). The dashed lines represent the median and the scattered lines represent the percentiles. Between-group differences were assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by post hoc analyses using the Mann-Whitney U test. ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.001. CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; SSVD, subcortical small vessel disease; AD, Alzheimer’s disease; Mixed, mixed dementia; NFL, neurofilament light chain; sAβPP, soluble amyloid-β protein precursor