Table 3.
Multilevel regression models examining the associations between bullying involvement (OBVQ) and emotional symptoms (TSDQ) (unstandardized B (SE)). Model 1 is unadjusted, while model 2 is adjusted for age and sex. Models 3 (unadjusted) and 4 (adjusted for age and sex, where ‘boy’ = 0 and ‘girl’ = 1) additionally examine for the association with school-level disadvantage. School N = 50 (7 schools were not included due to missing TSDQ data). The comparison category for bullying involvement was children ‘not involved’.
| Model 1 (N = 3302) b (SE) |
Model 2 (N = 3275) b (SE) |
Model 3 (N = 3302) b (SE) |
Model 4 (N = 3275) b (SE) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 1.66 (0.11) *** | 0.55 (0.38) | 1.37 (0.16) *** | 0.29 (0.40) |
| Bullying perpetration | 0.24 (0.31) | 0.38 (0.31) | 1.16 (0.50) * | 1.40 (0.50) ** |
| Victimization | 0.30 (0.09) *** | 0.33 (0.09) *** | 0.30 (0.12) * | 0.31 (0.12) * |
| Bully–victim | 0.46 (0.13) *** | 0.56 (0.14) *** | 0.25 (0.20) | 0.35 (0.20) |
| Age | 0.11 (0.04) ** | 0.11 (0.04) ** | ||
| Sex | 0.31 (0.08) *** | 0.31 (0.08) *** | ||
| School-level disadvantage | 0.02 (0.01) * | 0.02 (0.01) * | ||
| School-level disadvantage x Bully perpetration | −0.05 (0.02) * | −0.06 (0.02) * | ||
| School-level disadvantage x Victimization | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.00) | ||
| School-level disadvantage x Bully–victim | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | ||
| Random Effects Intercept (SD) | 0.69 | 0.69 | 0.64 | 0.64 |
| ICC | 0.087 | 0.088 | 0.075 | 0.076 |
Note: *** p < 0.001. ** p < 0.01. * p < 0.05.