Table 4.
Multilevel regression models examining the effects of bullying involvement (OBVQ) and externalizing problems (TSDQ) (unstandardized B (SE)). Model 1 is unadjusted, while model 2 is adjusted for age and sex. Models 3 (unadjusted) and 4 (adjusted for age and sex, where ‘boy’ = 0 and ‘girl’ = 1) additionally examine for the effect of school-level disadvantage. School N = 50. The comparison category for bullying involvement was children ‘not involved’.
| Model 1 (N = 3302) b (SE) |
Model 2 (N = 3275) b (SE) |
Model 3 (N = 3302) b (SE) |
Model 4 (N = 3275) b (SE) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 1.41 (0.08) *** | 1.92 (0.31) *** | 1.26 (0.11) *** | 1.74 (0.31) *** |
| Bullying perpetration | 1.81 (0.27) *** | 1.50 (0.26) *** | 2.23 (0.43) *** | 1.87 (0.42) *** |
| Victimization | 0.42 (0.07) *** | 0.41 (0.07) *** | 0.35 (0.11) ** | 0.37 (0.10) *** |
| Bully–victim | 1.61 (0.11) *** | 1.44 (0.11) *** | 1.40 (0.17) *** | 1.25 (0.16) *** |
| Age | 0.00 (0.03) | 0.00 (0.04) | ||
| Sex | −1.02 (0.07) *** | −1.02 (0.07) *** | ||
| School-level disadvantage | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) * | ||
| School-level disadvantage x Bully perpetration | −0.02 (0.02) | −0.02 (0.02) | ||
| School-level disadvantage x Victimization | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | ||
| School-level disadvantage x Bully–victim | 0.01 (0.09) | 0.01 (0.01) | ||
| Random Effects Intercept (SD) | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.41 | 0.39 |
| ICC | 0.053 | 0.054 | 0.043 | 0.042 |
Note: *** p < 0.001. ** p < 0.01. * p < 0.05.