Table 5.
Multilevel regression models examining the effects of bullying role scores (PRQ) and emotional symptoms (TSDQ) (unstandardized B (SE)). Model 1 is unadjusted, while model 2 is adjusted for age and sex. Models 3 (unadjusted) and 4 (adjusted for age and sex, where ‘boy’ = 0 and ‘girl’ = 1) additionally examine for the effect of school-level disadvantage. School N = 50.
| Model 1 (N = 2665) | Model 2 (N = 2640) | Model 3 (N = 2665) | Model 4 (N = 2640) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 2.09 (0.21) *** | 1.08 (0.44) * | 1.72 (0.29) *** | 0.71 (0.48) |
| Bully perpetrator | 0.04 (0.06) | 0.06 (0.06) | 0.06 (0.10) | 0.10 (0.10) |
| Reinforcer | 0.08 (0.06) | 0.08 (0.06) | 0.17 (0.09) * | 0.17 (0.09) * |
| Defender | −0.08 (0.03) ** | −0.09 (0.03) ** | −0.08 (0.04) | −0.09 (0.04) * |
| Outsider | −0.01 (0.03) | −0.02 (0.04) | −0.01 (0.04) | −0.03 (0.04) |
| Age | 0.11 (0.05) * | 0.11 (0.05) * | ||
| Sex | 0.33 (0.09) *** | 0.32 (0.09) *** | ||
| School-level disadvantage | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | ||
| School-level disadvantage x Bully perpetrator | 0.00 (0.11) | −0.01 (0.01) | ||
| School-level disadvantage x Reinforcer | −0.02 (0.1) | −0.01 (0.01) | ||
| School-level disadvantage x Defender | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.01) | ||
| School-level disadvantage x Outsider | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.01) | ||
| Random Effects Intercept (SD) | 0.71 | 0.72 | 0.67 | 0.68 |
| ICC | 0.09 | 0.091 | 0.081 | 0.083 |
Note: *** p < 0.001. ** p < 0.01. * p < 0.05.