Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of included studies.

Study and Year	Study Design	Single or Multicenter	Enrolment Period	Local of Research	No. of Any Skull Fracture	No. of Isolated Skull Fracture (%)	Age Range	Initial GCS Score
Arrey 2015 [11]	R	Single	2009–2013	US	326	326 (100)	<15 years	NR
Blackwood 2016 [12]	R	Single	2004–2014	US	71	71 (100)	<12 years	15
Brown 2014 [13]	R	Single	2010–2011	UK	6	3 (50)	<1 year	NR
Greenes 1997 [14]	P	Single	1992–1994	US	105	78 (74)	<23 months	NR
Greenes 1999 [15]	P	Single	1998–1998	US	86	63 (74)	<2 years	NR
Hassan 2014 [16]	R	Single	2007–2010	US	223	128 (73)	<5 years	15
Katirci 2013 [17]	R	Single	2009–2010	Turkey	152	127 (84)	≤18 years	13–15
Kommaraju 2019 [18]	R	Single	2005–2015	US	127	127 (100)	≤18 years	14–15
Lyons 2016 [19]	P	Single	2008–2015	US	320	300 (94)	≤18 years	14–15
Mannix 2013 [20]	R	Multicenter	2005–2011	US	4596	3915 (85)	<19 years	NR
Metzger 2014 [21]	P	Single	2010–2014	US	88	88 (100)	≤16 years	15
Mizu 2021 [22]	R	Single	2011–2019	Japan	79	37 (47)	≤15 years	15
Nakahara 2011 [23]	R	Single	2005–2007	Japan	38	4 (11)	<4 years	15
Plackett 2015 [24]	R	Multicenter	2010–2014	US	42	42 (100)	≤13 years	15
Powell 2015 [25]	P	Multicenter	2004–2006	US	350	350 (100)	≤18 years	14–15
Reid 2012 [26]	R	Single	2003–2010	US	92	82 (89)	<2 years	15
Reuveni-Salzman 2016 [27]	R	Single	2006–2012	Israel	222	222 (100)	<14 years	15
Reynolds 2022 [9]	R	Single	2015–2017 and 2019–2020	US	244	244 (100)	≤18 years	NR
Rollins 2011 [28]	R	Single	2003–2008	US	1810	235 (13)	<14 years	15
Schunk 1996 [29]	R	Single	1992	US	79	43 (54)	<18 years	15
Tallapragada 2017 [30]	R	Multicenter	2009–2014	Australia	358	167 (47)	≤16 years	13–15
Trenchs 2009 [31]	P	Single	2004–2006	Spain	150	29 (19)	≤1 year	15
Vogelbaum 1998 [32]	R	Single	1993–1994	US	44	44 (100)	≤15 years	15
White 2016 [33]	R	Single	2005–2013	US	619	438 (71)	3.4 years (SD 4.1)	NR
Yavuz 2016 [34]	R	Single	1998–2000	Turkey	123	65 (53)	≤15 years	NR

Abbreviations: R—Retrospective; NR—Non reported, P—Prospecitve.