Table 2.
Behavioral responses after heel lance of neonates by treatment group 1.
| Time (s) | LLLT 2 Group (n = 55) | BM 2 Group (n = 59) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Latency to first cry | 5.61 ± 12.09 | 5.10 ± 7.27 | 0.795 |
| Duration of crying | 97.07 ± 62.16 | 128.08 ± 108.16 | 0.062 |
| Squeeze time | 95.07 ± 40.16 | 122.51 ± 95.98 | 0.047 * |
| NFCS | |||
| Baseline | 0.85 ± 1.63 | 0.63 ± 1.30 | 0.413 |
| 1 min | 4.00 ± 1.80 | 4.00 ± 2.03 | 1.000 |
| 2 min | 2.64 ± 2.04 | 2.42 ± 2.17 | 0.591 |
| 3 min | 1.64 ± 1.90 | 1.51 ± 1.95 | 0.724 |
| NPASS | |||
| Baseline | 0.49 ± 0.94 | 0.41 ± 0.81 | 0.609 |
| 1 min | 4.87 ± 2.47 | 5.02 ± 2.64 | 0.764 |
| 2 min | 3.07 ± 2.46 | 3.20 ± 2.69 | 0.787 |
| 3 min | 1.76 ± 2.19 | 2.29 ± 2.53 | 0.240 |
1 Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. * Indicates p < 0.05. 2 Abbreviations: LLLT, low-level laser therapy; BM, breast milk; NFCS, Neonatal Facial Coding System; NPASS, Neonatal Pain Agitation and Sedation Scale.