Effects of GS or GOGAT overexpression in transgenic cereals. Schematic representation of the constructs for the GS or GOGAT (black arrow indicates the promoter utilized) overexpression in transgenic cereals and related improved traits [35,86,92,141,142,143,144,146,147,148,150,151,152,153,157,158,159,160]. More details are given in the text. Abbreviations: ARE1—abnormal cytokinin response1 repressor1; Actin 1—Act1; CaMV—cauliflower mosaic virus; CsVMV—cassava vein mosaic virus; GS—glutamine synthetase; GOGAT—glutamate synthase; N—nitrogen; C—carbon; NUE—nitrogen use efficiency; RbcS—rubisco small subunit; Ubq—ubiquitin. Partially designed by Freepik.com; accessed on 24 October 2023.