Table 2.
Exposure characteristics, including the PFAS sampling period, matrix, and exposure levels for PFOA, PFOS PFHxS, and PFNA.
| Author Year |
PFAS Included in Statistical Analysis | Sampling Period | Matrix | PFOA (ng/mL) | PFOS (ng/mL) | PFHxS (ng/mL) | PFNA (ng/mL) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carrizosa et al., 2021 [53] | PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA | Trimester 1 | Maternal plasma | Median (IQR) 2.4 (1.6, 3.3) |
Median (IQR) 6.1 (4.4, 7.8) |
Median (IQR) 0.6 (0.4, 0.8) |
Median (IQR) 0.7 (0.5, 0.9) |
| Chen et al., 2013 [54] |
PFOA, PFOS | Delivery | Plasma from cord blood | Mean (SD) 2.5 (2.6) |
Mean (SD) 7.0 (5.8) |
- | - |
| Goudarzi et al., 2016 [55] |
PFOA, PFOS | After 2nd trimester | Maternal serum | Median (IQR) 1.2 (0.8, 1.7) |
Median (IQR) 5.7 (4.4, 7.4) |
- | - |
| Harris et al., 2018 [56] |
PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA, PFDeA, MeFOSAA, EtFOSAA, |
Trimester 1, 2 Postnatal |
Maternal plasma Child plasma midchildhood at Median age 7.7 years (6.6–10.9 year) |
Maternal Median (IQR) 5.6 (4.1, 7.7) Childhood Median (IQR) 4.4 (3.1, 6.0) |
Maternal Median (IQR) 24.9 (18.4, 34.4) Childhood Median (IQR) 6.2 (4.2, 9.7) |
Maternal Median (IQR) 2.4 (1.6, 3.7) Childhood Median (IQR) 1.9 (1.2, 3.4) |
Maternal Median (IQR) 0.6 (0.5, 0.9) Childhood Median (IQR) 1.5 (1.1, 2.3) |
| Jeddy et al., 2017 [50] |
PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFHxS, | Median week 15 | Maternal serum | Median (IQR) 3.7 (2.8, 4.8) |
Median (IQR) 19.8 (15.0, 24.95) |
Median (IQR) 1.6 (1.2, 2.2) |
Median (IQR) 0.5 (0.4, 0.7) |
| Liew et al., 2018 [57] |
PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA, PFHpS, PFDA, PFOSA |
Trimester 1 | Maternal plasma | Median (IQR) 4.3 (3.2, 5.5) |
Median (IQR) 28.1 (21.6, 35.8) |
Median (IQR) 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) |
Median (IQR) 0.46 (0.36, 0.57) |
| Luo et al., 2022 [51] |
PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA PFHpA, PFDeA, PFUnDA, PFDoA, PFBS |
Trimester 1 | Maternal plasma | Median (IQR) 11.90 (9.30, 15.20) |
Median (IQR) 9.56 (6.65, 13.87) |
Median (IQR) 0.54 (0.42, 0.68) |
Median (IQR) 1.74 (1.25, 2.39) |
| Oh et al., 2022 [58] |
PFOA, PFOS | Postnatal | Serum from cord blood | Median (IQR) 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) |
Median (IQR) 1.2 (0.9, 1.7) |
- | - |
| Skogheim et al., 2020 [59] |
PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA, PFHpS, PFDA, PFUnDA |
Trimester 2 | Maternal plasma | Median (IQR) 2.5 (1.8, 3.2) |
Median (IQR) 11.5 (8.8, 14.8) |
Median (IQR) 0.7 (0.5, 0.9) |
Median (IQR) 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) |
| Spratlen et al., 2020 [46] |
PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA | Delivery | Serum from cord blood and maternal blood day after delivery | Geometric Mean (Range) Cord: 2.31 (0.18, 8.14) Maternal 2.42 (0.88, 5.06) |
Geometric Mean (Range) Cord: 6.03 (1.05, 33.7) Maternal: 11.9 (2.90, 30.9) |
Geometric Mean (Range) Cord: 0.67 (0.08, 15.8) Maternal: 0.94 (0.35, 3.20) |
Geometric Mean (Range) Cord: 0.43 (<LOQ, 10.3) Maternal: 0.43 (<LOQ, 10.3) |
| Stein et al., 2013 [47] |
PFOA | Estimated prenatal Postnatal |
Modeled prenatal exposure Serum collected postnatally at mean age 5.7 years |
Estimated in utero mean (SD) 115.9 (164.6) Childhood mean (SD) 91.1 (139.8) |
Measured childhood mean (SD) 21.1 (13.3) | Measured childhood mean (SD) 9.8 (14.1) |
Measured childhood mean (SD) 1.9 (1.1) |
| Stübner et al., 2023 [49] | PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS | Estimated early life | Maternal residential history, i.e., with or without highly PFAS-contaminated drinking water, during the five-year period before childbirth was used as a proxy for early-life exposure. | High exposure Median 9 ng/mL Intermediate Median 3 ng/mL Background Median 2 ng/mL |
High exposure Median 169 ng/mL Intermediate Median 48 ng/mL Background Median 4 ng/mL |
High exposure Median129 ng/mL Intermediate Median 40 ng/mL Background Median 0.8 ng/mL |
- |
| Vuong et al., 2019 [60] |
PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA | Trimester 2 or 3 Postnatal |
Maternal serum, gestation week 16 ± 3, or 26, or within 24 h of parturition. If more than one measure were taken, an average of were used. Child serum, 3 and 8 years of age |
Prenatal 2nd Tertile <3.9 4.0, 6.3 ≥ 6.4 3 years 2nd Tertile <4.1 4.1, 6.7 ≥ 6.8 8 years 2nd Tertile <2.0 2.0, 2.8 ≥ 2.9 |
Prenatal 2nd Tertile <10.0 10.0, 15.6 ≥ 15.7 3 years 2nd Tertile <5.0 5.0, 7.9 ≥ 8.0 8 years 2nd Tertile <3.0 3.0, 4.5 ≥ 4.6 |
Prenatal 2nd Tertile <0.9 0.9, 1.8 ≥ 1.9 3 years 2nd Tertile <1.2 1.2, 2.4 ≥ 2.5 8 years 2nd Tertile <1.0 1.0, 1.5 ≥ 1.6 |
Prenatal 2ndTertile <0.7 0.7, 0.9 ≥ 1.0 3 years 2nd Tertile <1.0 1.0, 1.5 ≥ 1.6 8 years 2nd Tertile <0.6 0.6, 0.8 ≥ 0.9 |
| Wang et al., 2015 [38] |
PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA, PFDeA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA |
Trimester 3 | Maternal serum | 5 years Median (IQR) 2.5 (1.5, 3.4) Geometric mean (95% CI) 2.0 (1.8, 2.3) 8 years Median (IQR) 2.5 (1.5, 3.3) Geometric mean (95% CI) 2.0 (1.7, 2.3) |
5 years Median (IQR) 13.3 (9.8, 17.5) Geometric mean (95% CI) 11.9 (10.4–13.6) 8 years Median (IQR) 12.3 (9.5, 16.3) Geometric mean (95% CI) 11.5 (10.2, 13.1) |
5 years Median (IQR) 0.7 (0.1, 1.1) Geometric mean (95% CI) 0.4 (0.3, 0.6) 8 years Median (IQR) 0.7 (0.1, 1.1) Geometric mean (95% CI) 0.5 (0.4, 0.6) |
5 years Median (IQR) 1.6 (0.8, 2.4) Geometric mean (95% CI) 1.4 (1.2, 1.7) 8 years Median (IQR) 1.4 (0.8, 2.3) Geometric mean (95% CI) 1.3 (1.1, 1.6) |
| Wang et al., 2023 [52] | PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA, PFHpA PFDeA, PFUnDA, PFDoA, PFBS |
Trimester 1-2 | Maternal plasma | Median (IQR) 13.1 (9.4, 15.5) |
Median (IQR) 11.3 (6.7, 13.7) |
Median (IQR) 0.6 (0.4, 0.7) |
Median (IQR) 2.1 (1.3, 2.5) |
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), Perfuorooctanoic acid (PFOA), Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), Perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA),Perfluorododecanoic acid FDoDA/PFDoA), Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA/PFDeA), Perfuoroheptane sulfonic acid (PFHpS), Methyl perfluorooctane sulfonamido acetate (MeFOSAA), Ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamido acetate (EtFOSAA), Perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA/PFOSA), Perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), Perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), Perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoDA/PFDoA) interquartil range (IQR), confidence interval (CI), standard deviation (SD).