Table 3.
Characteristics of outcome assessment tests or questionnaires including the domains tested and subtests including language and communication.
| Acronym | Outcome Test | Developmental Domains Tested | Scoring 1 | Subtests Including Language and Communication Domains | Validated Age Range | Used by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BSID-I | Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Bayley, 1969, ref 1993) [62] |
Developmental functioning, mental scale and motor scale | Standard scores (M = 100, SD = 15) |
Receptive and expressive language presented in the mental scale | 3–28 months | Carrizosa et al., 2021 [53] |
| BSID-II | Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development -2nd Edition, (Bayley, 1993) [6] | Developmental functioning, mental developmental index [MDI]) and motor development psychomotor developmental index (PDI) | Standard scores (M = 100, SD = 15) |
Receptive and expressive language presented in the mental developmental index (MDI) | 1–42 months | Goudarzi et al., 2016 [55] Spratlen et al., 2020 [46] |
| BSID-III | Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development –Third Edition, Chinese version, (Hua et al., 2019, Yue et al., 2019) [63,64] | Developmental functioning in five domains, cognitive, language, motor, social–emotional, and adaptive behavior scales. | Standard scores (M = 100, SD = 15) |
Receptive and expressive communication | 1–42 months | Luo et al., 2022 [51] |
| CDIIT | Comprehensive Developmental Inventory for Infants and Toddlers (Liao et al., 2008) [65] | Developmental areas cognition, language, motor, social, and self-care skills | Standard scores (M = 100, SD = 15) |
62 items (language) | 3–71 months | Chen et al., 2013 [54] |
| KBIT-2 | Kaufman brief intelligence test–second edition (KBIT-2) (Kaufman, 2004) [66] | Cognitive ability and processing skills | Standard scores (M = 100, SD = 15), age equivalents, and percentile ranks |
Verbal standard score consists of verbal knowledge, answers given by pointing to pictures. For the riddles subtest, answers given by pointing to a picture or saying a word | 4–90 years | Harris et al., 2018 [56] |
| MSEL | Mullen scale of early learning (Mullen, 1995) [67] |
Visual reception, fine motor, receptive language, and expressive language | T-scores (M = 50, SD = 10), percentile ranks, and age equivalents for each of the five domains and the single composite (M = 100, SD = 15) |
Expressive language, and receptive language | 0–68 months | Oh et al., 2022 [58] |
| MSCA | McCarthy Scales of Children’s Abilities, (Kaufman and Kaufman, 1977) [68] |
Cognitive ability | Standard scores (M = 100, SD = 15) |
Verbal scale including subtests of pictorial memory, word knowledge, verbal memory, verbal fluency, and opposite analogies |
2–8 years | Carrizosa et al., 2021 [53] |
| NEPSY-II | Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment 2 edition, NEPSY-II, (Korkman et al., 2007) [69] | Neurocognitive processes, 32 subtests for use in a neuropsychological assessment with preschoolers, children, and adolescents. | Scale scores (1–19, M = 10, SD = 3) |
Body part naming and identification comprehension of instructions, Oro motor sequences, phonological processing, the repetition of nonsense words, speeded naming and word generation | 3–16 years | Stein et al., 2013 [47] |
| PPVT-III | Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, (Dunn, 1997) [70] | Vocabulary | Raw scores to percentile ranks, age equivalents, or standard scores (M = 100, SD = 15) |
Receptive vocabulary | 2–90 years | Harris et al., 2018 [65] |
| SB-5 | Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, Fifth Edition, (Roid, 2003) [71] | Cognitive strengths and weaknesses | Standard scores (M = 100, SD = 15) scaled scores (M = 10, SD = 3), percentile scores, confidence intervals, age equivalents |
Verbal fluid reasoning, verbal knowledge, verbal quantitative reasoning, verbal visual-spatial processing, verbal working memory | 2–85 year | Skogheim et al., 2020 [59] |
| WASI | The Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, (Wechsler, 1999) [72] | General intellectual ability | Standard scores (M = 100, SD = 15) |
Vocabulary, similarities | 6–90 year | Stein et al., 2013 [47] |
| WPPSI-R | Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence–Revised, (Wechsler, 1990) [73] | Intellectual ability | Standard scores (M = 100, SD = 15) |
Verbal scale subtests: information, comprehension, arithmetic, vocabulary, similarities, and sentences | 3–7 years | Liew et al., 2018 [57] Spratlen et al., 2020 [46] Wang et al., 2015 [38] (5 year assessment) |
| WPPSI-IV | Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (Wechsler, 2012) [74] | Intellectual ability | Standard scores (M = 100, SD = 15) |
Verbal scale subtests: information, similarities | 2–7 years | Wang et al., 2023 [52] |
| WISC III | Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children 3rd. edition, (Wechsler, 1991) [75] | General cognitive ability | Standard scores (M = 100, SD = 15) |
The verbal scale mandatory subtests: information, similarities, arithmetic, vocabulary, and comprehension. The supplementary subtest: digit span | 6–16 year | Wang et al., 2015 [38] (8 year assessment) |
| WISC-IV | Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children 4th edition, (Wechsler, 2003) [76] | General cognitive ability | Standard scores (M = 100, SD = 15) |
The verbal scale core subtest: similarities, vocabulary, comprehension, supplementary: information, word reasoning | 6–16 year | Vuong et al., 2019 [60] Stein 2013 [47] |
| Outcome questionnaire | ||||||
| CDI | Child Development Inventory, (Ireton and Glascoe, 1995) [77] | Teacher questionnaires. Measure the child’s present development in eight areas. Include general Development Scale and items to identify parent’s concerns about child’s health and growth, vision and hearing, development, and behavior | Percentile scores, age equivalents | Expressive language | 15 months– 6 years |
Skogheim et al., 2020 [59] |
| MCDI/MB-CDI | MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories, Second Edition, (Fenson et al., 2007) [78] |
Parent questionnaire. Evaluate communication in young children | Percentile scores | Communicative skills, comprehension, early vocabulary, and early grammar | 8–30 months | Jeddy et al., 2017 [50] |
1. Higher scores indicate better performance in all tests and questionnaires. Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development—2nd Edition (BSID-II), Comprehensive Developmental inventory for infants and toddlers, diagnostic test (CDIIT), Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition (KBIT-2), McCarthy Scales of Children’s Abilities (MSCA), Developmental NEuroPSychological Assessment, 2nd edition (NEPSY-II), Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT-III), Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale, Fifth Edition (SB-5), The Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI), Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence–Revised (WPPSI-R), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 3rd. edition (WISC III), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 4th edition (WISC-IV), Child Development Inventory (CDI), MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories, Second Edition (MCDI or MB-CDI), * Maternal translation occurred if primary language was not English or Chinese.