Table 1.
Main features of quantitative risk assessment models of Listeria monocytogenes (LM) from consumption of dairy products by scope *.
| Scope | Food | RTE | Cross-Contamination | DR—Endpoint | Type of DR Model | DR Sub-Populations | Strain Variability | Temp Profiles/ Lag Time |
Country | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Farm-to-table | Raw milk soft cheese | Yes | No | WG—I, D | Farber et al. [24] | High-risk/Low-risk | Proportion of virulent strains | No/No | France | Bemrah et al. [13] |
| Soft-ripened cheese | Yes | No | Exp—I | FAO/WHO [8] | High-risk/Low-risk | Strain diversity implicit in r; Tmin and EGR20 represent strain variability | No/Yes | North America | FDA-HealthCanada [9] | |
| Raw/pasteurized milk cheese | Yes | Yes: processing, cheese smearing stage | WG—I | Bemrah et al. [13] | High-risk/Low-risk | Proportion of virulent strains | No/No | Ireland | Tiwari et al. [14] | |
| Sheep’s raw milk semi-soft cheese | Yes | No | Exp—I | FAO/WHO [8] | High-risk/Low-risk | Strain diversity implicit in r; challenge test data from a mixture of strains | No/No | Italy | Condoleo et al. [15] | |
| Processing-to-table | Raw milk cheeses: Camembert of Normandy and Brie of Meau | Yes | No | Exp—I | FAO/WHO [25] | High-risk/Low-risk | Tmin and pHmin represent strain variability | No/No | France | Sanaa et al. [16] |
| Raw milk semi-hard cheese and pasteurized milk soft cheese | Yes | No | Exp—I | FAO/WHO [8] | High-risk/Low-risk | Strain diversity implicit in r | No/No | Brazil | Campagnollo et al. [17] | |
| Pasteurized milk soft cheese | Yes | Yes: cheese making (pasteurized milk, cheese surface); ripening (cross-contamination, cheese surface); packaging | Exp—I | FAO/WHO [8] | Generic | Strain diversity implicit in r; lag time distribution | Yes/Yes | France | Tenenhaus-Aziza et al. [12] | |
| End Process-to-table | Pasteurized milk | Yes | No | . | . | . | Tmin represents strain variability | Yes/Yes | Greece | Koutsoumanis et al. [18] |
| Raw milk | No | No | Exp—I | FAO/WHO [8] | Multiple | Strain diversity implicit in r | No/No | USA | Latorre et al. [19] | |
| Retail-to-table | Soft/semi-soft cheese | Yes | No | Exp—I | EFSA BIOHAZ [11] based on Pouillot et al. [26] | Multiple (sex/age group) | Challenge test data from a mixture of strains; strain virulence and host susceptibility explicit in r distribution | No/No | Non-specific | EFSA BIOHAZ [11] |
| Various dairy products | Yes | No | Mouse Epi—I | FDA-FSIS [7] | Multiple | Variability in the virulence of different strains represented in DR | No/No | USA | FDA-FSIS [7] | |
| Pasteurized milk | Yes | No | Exp—I | FAO/WHO [8] | High-risk/Low-risk | Strain diversity implicit in r | No/No | Non-specific | FAO-WHO [8] | |
| Ice cream | Yes | No | Exp—I | FAO/WHO [8] | High-risk/Low-risk | Strain diversity implicit in r | No/No | Non-specific | FAO-WHO [8] | |
| Raw milk | No | No | Exp—I | FAO/WHO [8] | High-risk/Low-risk | Strain diversity implicit in r | No/No | Italy | Giacometti et al. [20] | |
| Soft/semi-soft cheeses | Yes | No | Exp—I | Pouillot et al. [26] | Multiple | Challenge test data from a mixture of strains; strain virulence and host susceptibility explicit in r distribution | Yes/Yes | EU | Pérez-Rodríguez et al. [10] | |
| Yogurt | Yes | No | Exp—I | FAO/WHO [8] | High-risk/Low-risk | Challenge test data from a mixture of strains; strain diversity implicit in r | No/No | Korea | Yang and Yoon [21] | |
| Consumption | Raw milk cheese (Queso fresco) | Yes | No | WG—I | Farber et al. [24] | High-risk/Low-risk | Proportion of virulent strains | No/No | Mexico | Soto-Beltrán et al. [22] |
| Cultured milk | Yes | No | Exp—I | FAO/WHO [25] | Multiple | Strain variability modeled by class (cold, acid, salt, desiccation stressed) from WGS data | No/No | Denmark | Njage et al. [23] |
* DR: dose–response; Exp: exponential; WG: Weibull gamma; I: illness; D: death: Mouse-Epi: mouse epidemiological model; EGRx: exponential growth rate at x °C; r: parameter of the exponential dose–response model; Tmin: minimum temperature for microbial growth; WGS: whole-genome sequencing.