Table 2.

Characteristics of the included studies.

Studies (Title, Author, and Year)	Study Aim	Participant	Method	Study Setting	Authors Conclusion
Lay Experiences and Concerns with Asthma in an Urban Hispanic Community. Tumiel-Berhalter, L. and Zayas, L.E., 2006 [24]	Explored how perceptions and experiences of patients with asthma affect disease management in a Puerto Rican community.	22	Grounded theory (focus group, semi-structured interview)	USA	Learning about lay perceptions and management approaches regarding asthma may afford healthcare professionals insights to better understand, educate, and care for ethnic minority patients.
Health Literacy, Language, and Ethnicity-Related Factors in Newcomer Asthma Patients to Canada: A Qualitative Study. Poureslami et al., 2011 [25]	Investigated how asthma patients from new immigrant groups are being informed and educated about asthma and its management, and to identify barriers to knowledge transfer.	29	Participatory qualitative investigation (focus group)	Canada	The importance of diverse cultural beliefs and practices as factors that should be taken into consideration when tailoring interventions to improve asthma outcomes in vulnerable populations, including patients from ethno-cultural communities.
Experiences addressing health-related financial challenges with disease management among African American women with asthma. Patel et al., 2014 [26]	Described how African American women with asthma address cost-related challenges to manage their condition.	26	Qualitative research (focus group, semi-structured interview)	USA	Awareness of strategies that are helpful to patients in reducing out-of-pocket costs and developing interventions to make useful strategies available.
Health literacy and asthma management among African-American adults: an interpretative phenomenological analysis. Journal of Asthma. Melton et al., 2014 [27]	Investigated how health is impacted by health literacy using the encounters of African American asthmatics.	4	Interpretative phenomenological analysis (semi-structured interview)	USA	Those with better health literacy could have stronger abilities in working with their physician to select choices and deal with their illness. Health literacy should be addressed considering the ethnic origin of the patients, especially in African Americans.
Perspectives of African Americans on Lung Cancer: A Qualitative Analysis. Lathan et al., 2015 [28]	Investigated the awareness of lung cancer, the danger of it, aspiration to stop smoking, and thoughts about lung cancer diagnosis and treatment in African Americans.	22	Grounded theory (focus groups, semi-structured interview)	USA	African Americans may perceive financial and insurance barriers to lung cancer treatment.
Elucidating the patient-perceived role in decision-making among African Americans receiving lung cancer care through a county safety-net system. Lee et al., 2016 [29]	Investigated how African American patients were involved in decision making about their lung cancer treatment.	58	Qualitative research (dyadic ethnographic interview)	USA	Distinct lack of understanding about disease course, severity, and prognosis may constrain patient’s perception of the need for informed decision making over the course of care.
Improving COPD Care in a Medically Underserved Primary Care Clinic: A Qualitative Study of Patient Perspectives. Glasser et al., 2016 [30]	Investigated how ethnic minorities with COPD experience their medical care and the barriers they face in managing their disease and following medical recommendations.	25	Qualitative research (focus group)	USA	Key issues that ethnic minority groups with COPD contend with include routine functions, e.g., sleeping, other diseases, smoking, accessing prescriptions, and moving between hospitals.
Perspectives of African American Women Living with Lung Cancer. Webb and McDonnell, 2018 [31]	Investigated realities of African American females who have overcome lung cancer, their thoughts on the condition, and their wish to lead a better lifestyle.	18	Qualitative research (focus group, semi-structured interview)	USA	Lung cancer was humiliating, and patients mentioned a lack of optimism from those around them, challenging symptoms, being uninformed about cancer, and wanting to mix with a cohort of similar people with cancer.
Young Muslim Women Living with Asthma in Denmark: A Link between Religion and Self-Efficacy. Druedahl et al., 2018 [32]	Investigated how self-efficacy impacts compliance to asthma therapies and how religion shapes self-efficacy in Muslim females.	10	Qualitative research (focus group, semi-structured interview)	Denmark	Religion impacted self-efficacy to comply with asthma therapy, especially during Ramadan. Prayer was adopted alongside and instead of medicines to manage asthma.
Generational perspective on asthma self-management in the Bangladeshi and Pakistani community in the United Kingdom. Ahmed et al., 2022 [33]	Explored the perspectives of Bangladeshi and Pakistani people on how they self-manage their asthma, with a view to suggesting recommendations for cultural interventions.	27	Qualitative approach (semi-structured interview)	UK	Acknowledging ethnic background and how this can impact the ways asthma is handled by patients may highlight strategies helping Bangladeshis and Pakistanis deal with the illness.