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. 2023 Dec 18;24(24):17616. doi: 10.3390/ijms242417616

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Function of hormones and molecular determinants in implantation and early pregnancy. Progesterone, LIF, IL-6, IL-11, IL-1β, and IL-1Ra are involved in regulating decidualization. LIF is increased under the influence of estrogen and hCG. LIF, IL-6, IL-8, glycodelin-A, IL-1β, and IL-1Ra are responsible for trophoblast invasion. As regards shifts in the immune system, IL-11 reduces TNF-α, glycodelin-A lowers the levels of NK cells, while glycodelin-A, IL-1β, and IL-1Ra are responsible for the shift within Th cells. LIF, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and IL-1Ra are associated with embryo implantation. Furthermore, LIF, IL-6, IL-11, IL-1β, and IL-1Ra participate in placentation. Abbreviations: LIF (leukemia inhibitory factor), TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α), NK cells (natural killer cells), Th1/2 (type 1 T helper cells and type 2 T helper cells), IL-1Ra (IL-1 receptor antagonist), ↓ (down-regulated), ↑ (up-regulated).