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. 2023 Dec 10;24(24):17325. doi: 10.3390/ijms242417325

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Contribution of CAFs to inflammation-induced EMT in lung cancer CAFs secrete a variety of EMT-inducing factors, including insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), CXCL12, TGF-β, and extracellular vesicles (EVs). The IGF-1 and HGF signaling pathways are dependent on annexin A2 (ANXA2) phosphorylation. Autophagy-induced secretion of HMGB1 by CAFs induces EMT via the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. CXCL12 triggers CXCR4/β-catenin to upregulate EMT-associated genes, among which peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta (PPARδ) plays a specific role. CAF-derived EVs carry the EMT-TF Snail and miR-210, which induces the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway through UPF1 inhibition.