Table 1.
Characteristics of UNet and conventional systems for CAD.
| A1 | A2 | A3 | A4 | A5 | A6 | A7 | A8 | A9 | A10 | A11 | A12 | A13 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SN | Studies | TP | SM | HT | AU | L | EC | DC | SC | LF | PL | DSC | PV | JI |
| 1 | He et al. [44] | 2 | - | - | U | 5 | 3 | 3 | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | √ |
| 2 | Jin et al. [95] | 5 | - | - | C | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | √ | - |
| 3 | Ibtehaz et al. [45] | 1 | - | - | U | 5 | 5 | 5 | √- | √ | √ | - | - | √ |
| 4 | Balakrishna et al. [46] | 1 | - | - | U | 5 | 5 | 5 | √ | - | √ | √ | - | √ |
| 5 | Kim et al. [48] | 1 | - | - | U | 5 | 5 | 5 | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | √ |
| 6 | Li et al. [47] | 1 | - | - | U | 5 | 4 | 4 | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | - |
| 7 | Chen et al. [49] | 1 | - | - | U | 5 | 3 | 3 | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | - |
| 8 | Tong et al. [50] | 1 | - | - | U | 5 | 3 | 3 | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | - |
| 9 | Morris et al. [51] | 1 | - | - | U | 5 | 4 | 4 | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | - |
| 10 | Zhou et al. [52] | 1 | - | - | U | 5 | 5 | 5 | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | - |
| 11 | Milletari et al. [53] | 1 | - | - | U | 5 | 5 | 5 | √ | √ | - | √ | - | - |
| 12 | Szarski et al. [54] | 1 | - | - | U | 5 | 5 | 5 | √ | √ | √ | - | - | √ |
| 13 | Vercio et al. [65] | 0 | - | - | C | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | √ |
| 14 | Yang et al. [55] | 1 | - | - | U | 5 | 4 | 4 | √ | -√ | √ | - | - | √ |
| 15 | Shen et al. [56] | 5 | - | - | U | 5 | 4 | 4 | √ | √ | - | √ | - | √ |
| 16 | Javorszky et al. [57] | 5 | - | - | U | 5 | 4 | 4 | √ | √ | √ | - | √ | - |
| 17 | Momin et al. [58] | 5 | - | - | U | 5 | 3 | 3 | - | - | √ | √ | √ | - |
| 18 | Guo et al. [99] | 5 | √ | √ | U | 5 | 4 | 4 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | - |
| 19 | Huang et al. [67] | 5 | - | - | U | 5 | 5 | 5 | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | √ |
| 20 | Jun et al. [100] | 0 | - | - | U | 5 | 5 | 5 | - | √ | √ | √ | - | - |
| 21 | Shi et al. [64] | 0 | - | - | U | 5 | 5 | 5 | √ | √ | √ | - | - | - |
| 22 | Thuy et al. [68] | 0 | - | - | U | 5 | 4 | 4 | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | - |
| 23 | Hwang et al. [69] | 0 | - | - | U | 5 | 5 | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 24 | Cheung et al. [60] | 5 | - | - | U | 5 | 5 | 5 | √ | - | √ | √ | - | - |
| 25 | Dong et al. [61] | 3 | - | - | U | 5 | 8 | 8 | √ | √ | - | - | - | √ |
| 26 | Pan et al. [70] | 0 | - | - | U | 5 | 4 | 4 | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | √ |
| 27 | Song et al. [24] | 5 | - | - | U | 5 | 4 | 4 | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | - |
| 28 | Shinohara et al. [62] | 3 | - | - | U | 5 | 5 | 5 | √ | - | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| 29 | Yang et al. [55] | 0 | - | - | U | 5 | 5 | 5 | √ | √ | √ | - | - | √ |
| 30 | Xia et al. [71] | 0 | - | - | U | 5 | 5 | 5 | √ | √ | √ | - | - | √ |
| 31 | Azad et al. [72] | 4 | - | - | U | 5 | 4 | 4 | √ | - | √ | - | - | - |
| 32 | Ronneberger et al. [73] | 0 | - | - | U | 5 | 4 | 4 | √ | √ | √ | - | - | - |
| 33 | Bajaj et al. [74] | 1 | - | √ | C | - | - | - | - | √ | - | - | √ | - |
| 34 | Cho et al. [75] | 5 | - | - | C | - | - | - | - | √ | - | - | √ | - |
| 35 | Araki et al. [26] | 2 | - | - | C | - | - | - | - | - | - | √ | √ | √ |
| 36 | Bajaj et al. [76] | 2 | - | - | C | - | - | - | - | √ | - | - | - | - |
| 37 | Fedewa et al. [77] | 0 | - | - | C | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 38 | Masuda et al. [78] | 5 | - | - | C | - | - | - | - | √ | - | - | - | - |
| 39 | Min et al. [79] | 1 | - | √ | C | - | - | - | - | √ | - | - | √ | - |
| 40 | Nishi et al. [80] | 2 | - | - | C | - | - | - | - | √ | √ | √ | √ | - |
| 41 | Shin et al. [111] | 2 | - | - | C | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | √ | - |
| 42 | Olender et al. [81] | 1 | - | - | C | - | - | - | - | √ | - | - | √ | - |
| 43 | Zhao et al. [82] | 2 | - | - | C | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | √ | - |
| 44 | Bargsten et al. [83] | 1 | - | - | C | - | - | - | - | √ | - | √ | - | - |
| 45 | Samuel et al. [96] | 3 | - | √ | C | - | - | - | - | √ | √ | - | - | - |
| 46 | Faraji et al. [28] | 1 | - | - | C | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | √ |
| 47 | Tayel et al. [84] | 1 | - | - | C | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 48 | Cui et al. [85] | 1 | - | - | C | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | √ |
| 49 | Harms et al. [86] | 5 | - | - | C | - | - | - | - | - | - | √ | √ | - |
| 50 | Mishra et al. [87] | 0 | - | - | C | - | - | - | - | √ | √ | √ | - | - |
| 51 | Lin et al. [97] | 5 | - | - | C | - | - | - | - | - | - | √ | √ | - |
| 52 | Du et al. [98] | 0 | - | - | C | - | - | - | - | √ | - | √ | - | √ |
| 53 | Hwang et al. [69] | 2 | - | - | C | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 54 | Jodas et al. [88] | 0 | - | - | C | - | - | - | - | - | - | √ | - | √ |
| 55 | Eslamizadeh et al. [89] | 0 | - | - | C | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 56 | Sofian et al. [90] | 1 | - | - | C | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | √ |
| 57 | Cao et al. [91] | 3 | - | - | C | - | - | - | - | - | - | √ | √ | √ |
| 58 | Taki et al. [92] | 1 | - | - | C | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 59 | Unal et al. [93] | 0 | - | - | C | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 60 | Zhu et al. [94] | 0 | - | - | C | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| A14 | A15 | A16 | A17 | A18 | A19 | A20 | A21 | A22 | A23 | A24 | A25 | A26 | ||
| SN | Studies | HD | Val | LR | BS | EPO | OPT | DA | Acc. | Pres. | RS | SN | SP | CE |
| 1 | He et al. [44] | √ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | √ | √ | S |
| 2 | Jin et al. [95] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | M |
| 3 | Ibtehaz et al. [45] | - | - | - | - | √ | - | √ | √ | - | - | - | - | M |
| 4 | Balakrishna et al. [46] | - | - | √ | √ | √ | - | √ | √ | - | - | - | - | S |
| 5 | Kim et al. [48] | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S |
| 6 | Li et al. [47] | - | - | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | - | √ | - | √ | √ | S |
| 7 | Chen et al. [49] | - | - | - | - | - | - | √ | - | - | - | - | - | S |
| 8 | Tong et al. [50] | - | - | - | √ | √ | - | √ | - | - | - | - | - | S |
| 9 | Morris et al. [51] | - | - | √ | √ | √ | - | √ | - | - | - | - | - | S |
| 10 | Zhou et al. [52] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | √ | √ | S |
| 11 | Milletari et al. [53] | √ | - | √ | √ | √ | - | √ | - | - | - | - | - | S |
| 12 | Szarski et al. [54] | √ | - | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | - | - | - | - | S |
| 13 | Vercio et al. [65] | √ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S |
| 14 | Yang et al. [55] | √ | - | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | - | - | - | - | S |
| 15 | Shen et al. [56] | - | - | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | - | - | - | - | - | S |
| 16 | Javorszky et al. [57] | - | - | - | - | - | √ | - | - | - | - | - | - | S |
| 17 | Momin et al. [58] | √ | - | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | - | - | - | - | M |
| 18 | Guo et al. [99] | √ | √ | - | - | - | - | √ | - | - | - | - | - | S |
| 19 | Huang et al. [67] | - | - | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | - | - | - | √ | S |
| 20 | Jun et al. [100] | - | - | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | - | - | - | - | S |
| 21 | Shi et al. [64] | - | - | √ | - | √ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S |
| 22 | Thuy et al. [68] | - | - | √ | - | - | - | √ | - | - | - | - | - | S |
| 23 | Hwang et al. [69] | - | - | √ | √ | √ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S |
| 24 | Cheung et al. [60] | - | - | √ | - | √ | √ | - | - | - | - | - | - | S |
| 25 | Dong et al. [61] | - | - | √ | √ | - | √ | √ | - | - | - | - | - | S |
| 26 | Pan et al. [70] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S |
| 27 | Song et al. [24] | - | - | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | - | √ | √ | - | - | S |
| 28 | Shinohara et al. [62] | - | - | √ | √ | - | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | - | S |
| 29 | Yang et al. [55] | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | - | - | - | - | S |
| 30 | Xia et al. [71] | - | - | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | - | - | - | - | S |
| 31 | Azad et al. [72] | - | - | - | - | √ | - | - | √ | - | - | √ | √ | S |
| 32 | Ronneberger et al. [73] | - | - | - | √ | - | - | √ | - | - | - | - | - | S |
| 33 | Bajaj et al. [74] | - | - | √ | √ | √ | - | - | √ | √ | - | - | - | S |
| 34 | Cho et al. [75] | - | √ | √ | - | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | - | √ | √ | S |
| 35 | Araki et al. [26] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | √ | - | - | S |
| 36 | Bajaj et al. [76] | - | - | √ | √ | √ | - | √ | - | - | - | - | - | S |
| 37 | Fedewa et al. [77] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S |
| 38 | Masuda et al. [78] | - | - | √ | - | - | - | √ | √ | - | - | - | - | S |
| 39 | Min et al. [79] | - | √ | √ | - | - | - | √ | √ | √ | - | √ | √ | S |
| 40 | Nishi et al. [80] | - | - | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | - | - | - | - | - | S |
| 41 | Shin et al. [111] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S |
| 42 | Olender et al. [81] | - | - | √ | √ | √ | - | - | √ | √ | - | - | - | S |
| 43 | Zhao et al. [82] | - | √ | - | - | - | - | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | - | S |
| 44 | Bargsten et al. [83] | - | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | - | - | - | - | - | S |
| 45 | Samuel et al. [96] | - | - | √ | √ | √ | - | √ | √ | - | - | √ | √ | M |
| 46 | Faraji et al. [28] | √ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S |
| 47 | Tayel et al. [84] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | √ | - | - | - | - | S |
| 48 | Cui et al. [85] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S |
| 49 | Harms et al. [86] | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | - | - | - | - | - | S |
| 50 | Mishra et al. [87] | - | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | √ | - | - | - | - | - | S |
| 51 | Lin et al. [97] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | √ | √ | M |
| 52 | Du et al. [98] | √ | - | - | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | - | - | - | - | M |
| 53 | Hwang et al. [69] | - | √ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | √ | √ | S |
| 54 | Jodas et al. [88] | √ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S |
| 55 | Eslamizadeh et al. [89] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | √ | - | - | - | - | S |
| 56 | Sofian et al. [90] | √ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S |
| 57 | Cao et al. [91] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S |
| 58 | Taki et al. [92] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S |
| 59 | Unal et al. [93] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S |
| 60 | Zhu et al. [94] | √ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S |
TP, total patients; SM, smoking; HT, hypertension; AU, architecture used; L, layers; EC, encoder; DC, decoder; SC, skip connection; LF, loss function; Pool, pooling; DSC, Dice similarity coefficient; SN, sensitivity; SP, specificity; JI, Jaccard index; HD, Hausdorff distance; Acc, accuracy; PV, p-value; Pres, precision; RS, recall score; Val, validation; LR, learning rate; BS, batch size; Epo, epochs; OPT, optimization; DA, data augmentation; CE, clinical evaluation; U, UNet; C, conventional; S, single center; M, multicenter; √ implies that a particular attribute (column) was implemented in that study (row).